扬中市第二污水处理厂一期工程工艺设计

扬中市第二污水处理厂，一期工程设计规模为1．0×10^4m^3／d，主体采用厌氧水解＋改良SBR工艺，处理出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准〉（GB18918--2002）国家一级B类标准。文中主要介绍了该工程设计的工艺流程、构筑物组成和设计参数，总结分析了改良SBR工艺的技术特点和设计要点。     

中国小城镇有机废物生成、利用和排放状况分析

利用小城镇人口数据及农、牧、副、工等行业生产和环境特点，对中国小城镇有机废物的生成量、利用量和排放量进行了估算，并对它们的潜在资源价值和环境影响作出了评价。     

Maternal serum human chorionic gonadotrophin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein a,markers for fetal down syndrome at 8–14 weeks

Maternal serum levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin and its subunits (intact, α, and free βhCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) were measured in 279 women between 8 and 14 weeks' gestation. This group included 23 pregnancies in which the fetus had Down syndrome (DS), diagnosed either at birth or during the second trimester (n=17) or from chorionic villus sampling (CVS) (n=6). Normal medians were determined from the 258 apparently normal pregnancies. The median levels of intact hCG (1·4 MOM) and free βhCG (2·1 MOM) were significantly raised, whereas the median level of PAPP-A (0·39 MOM) was significantly lower in the DS pregnancies when compared with the control group. Levels of αhCG were similar in both the control and the DS pregnancies. Analysis of samples taken prior to 14 weeks' gestation demonstrated that only PAPP-A (0·34 MOM) was significantly altered in DS pregnancies. However, after the exclusion of DS cases diagnosed at CVS, the median intact hCG (1·56 MOM), free βhCG (2·27 MOM), and αhCG (1·8 MOM) were all raised in DS pregnancies. This emphasizes the problem of the interpretation of biochemical markers when DS cases are diagnosed at CVS.     

流向变换等离子体催化系统去除甲苯

将低温等离子体、催化和流向变换技术相结合,以反应系统参数（接地极方式、反应管壁厚）和电源参数（电压、频率）为影响因素,探究了上述因素对系统温度升高（△T）、放电能量密度（SED）和能量效率（EE）的影响,考察了不同条件对甲苯的去除效果（η）和反应产物的影响.结果表明：流向变换低温等离子体协同催化系统中,甲苯去除效果最好,能量利用率最高,为3.76g/（kW·h）.连续升压时,3种接地条件下的温度升高△T差距不明显;铝箔接地时,O₃浓度最高、甲苯去除率η、SED和EE最高;增加反应管壁厚,系统△T、η、SED和EE减小.3种技术结合时,NO₂生成浓度低、有机副产物生成种类较少,CO₂选择性高,甲苯矿化率最高.固定频率,改变电压时,△T、η、SED与电压值呈正比,EE则相反,铝箔接地时,17kV时△T达到110.7℃,η达到74.05%;副产物O₃浓度先上升后下降,最终趋于0mg/m³;固定电压,改变频率时,变化规律一致.     

城市尾水排海过程中微生物及主要致病菌扩散规律

城市污水处理厂产生的尾水中含有大量微生物尤其是致病菌,排海后不仅对周围人群产生危害而且对海洋生态安全构成威胁.本研究以青岛市麦岛污水处理厂为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,研究尾水排海过程中的微生物群落结构,分析尾水中致病菌在排海过程中的动态分布及季节变化规律.结果表明,尾水微生物分布在20~27个菌门,优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),主要分布在44~65个纲,其中优势菌纲主要分布在变形菌门(Proteobacteria);尾水排海过程中的主要致病菌有55种,致病基因与癌症、心血管、免疫系统、传染性、新陈代谢、神经变性等疾病相关,其中,引起人类和动物腹泻、菌血症相关的弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter spp.)、引发院内感染的条件致病菌不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter spp.)及对海产品养殖和捕捞带来威胁的Shewanella hafniensis等占比例较大.     

大气等离子喷涂SrZrO3热障涂层工艺与性能的研究

目的探究大气等离子喷涂制备Sr ZrO_3涂层的融化状态最好、沉积效率最高的最优工艺,研究SrZrO_3热障涂层的热物理性能及其热循环寿命。方法采用大气等离子喷涂技术制备SrZrO_3热障涂层,通过设计田口实验研究不同的喷涂工艺对粉末融化状况和沉积效率的影响,采用扫描电镜观察涂层融化状况等。采用优化后的工艺制备厚涂层,使用高温热膨胀仪和激光导热仪测试涂层的热膨胀系数、抗烧结性能以及热扩散系数。结果当喷涂距离为90 mm时,SrZrO_3涂层沉积效率最高,最大单遍喷涂厚度达到15.3μm;当喷涂距离为100 mm时,涂层的熔化状态最好。制备态SrZrO_3涂层中出现第二相t-Zr O_2,1600℃热处理条件下,随着热处理时间的延长,t-Zr O_2逐渐消失,热处理360 h后,m-ZrO_2的质量分数逐渐增加至27%。SrZrO_3涂层热膨胀系数为(8～10)×10~(-6) K~(-1)(200～1400℃),随着热处理时间的延长,涂层的热膨胀系数逐渐降低。SrZrO_3涂层的热导率随着热处理时间的延长先增加后减小,热处理360h后SrZrO_3涂层的热导率为1.82W/(m·K)(1000℃)。SrZrO_3/YSZ双层涂层炉内循环548次后,涂层整体脱落。结论 SrZrO_3涂层最优喷涂工艺为电流550 A、氩气流量40 L/min、氢气流量10 L/min、喷涂距离100 mm、功率35.8 kW。随着热处理时间的延长,涂层中的第二相m-ZrO_2能够降低涂层的热膨胀系数和热导率。SrZrO_3/YSZ双层涂层的循环次数远高于SrZrO_3单层涂层。     

Validation of a HRGC–ECNI/LRMS method to monitor short-chain chlorinated paraffins in human plasma

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) are produced in high volume and have the high potential to pose a threat to human health. However, little information is available for SCCP contamination in human blood/plasma/serum, mainly due to the difficulty of sample preparation and quantitative analysis. A method using high resolution gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization low resolution mass spectrometry(HRGC–ECNI/LRMS) was developed and validated to measure SCCPs in human plasma. The pretreatment process included protein denaturation and lipid elimination, liquid–liquid extraction with a mixture of n-hexane/dichloromethane(1:1, V/V), and cleanup on a multilayer silica column. The blank controls, including procedural blank, vacuum blood collection tube blank, and instrumental blank, were the most pivotal points for the reliable analysis of SCCPs. The average value of procedural blanks was 9.0 ng/g; and the method detection limit(MDL), calculated as the sum of the average procedural blank value and 3 times of the standard deviation of the procedural blanks, was 12.6 ng/g plasma. The validated method was applied to measure the concentrations of the total SCCPs(∑ SCCPs) in50 plasma samples from a general population. The measured plasma concentrations of ∑SCCPs ranged from MDL to 203 ng/g wet weight(ww), with an average value of 32.0 ng/g ww.The relative abundance profiles of SCCPs in plasma samples were dominated by C10- and C11-CP congener groups centered on Cl6–7. The developed method can be used for the comprehensive and large-scale investigation of SCCP levels in human plasma.     

农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准制订探讨

农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准是农村环境管理的重要依据,关系到污水处理技术和工艺的选择,以及污水处理设施建设和运行维护成本.通过对北京市、重庆市及浙江省等地区农村生活污水排放标准进行对比,发现现有标准存在适用范围不清晰、分类分级思路不全面及控制指标选择不合理等问题.因此,基于优化农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准的制订提出3点建议:①明确标准适用于规模 < 500 m3/d的农村生活污水处理设施.②根据排水去向、处理设施规模以及尾水资源化利用因素等的不同进行标准分级.③建议选择pH、ρ（SS）、ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₃-N）、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）及ρ（动植物油）等作为控制指标,其中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）适用于出水直接排入封闭水体或超标因子为氮、磷的不达标水体的处理设施,ρ（动植物油）适用于含农家乐废水的处理设施,有条件的地区可在上述控制指标的基础上适当增加,如阴离子表面活性剂浓度、类大肠菌群数、色度等.因此,提出因地制宜、及时修订、完善农村生活污水处理技术评估方法以及加强处理设施资金保障等建议,确保标准的顺利实施,切实做到污染物减排.      

等离子体技术在材料领域中的应用研究进展

详述了等离子体在材料领域的应用研究进展,在材料表面处理方面可实现材料的表面粗糙化、表面清洁、表面化学基团引入和表面亲水性调变等,在催化材料制备方面可用于催化剂的还原、氧化、掺杂、刻蚀以及特殊化合物的合成等。还分析了等离子体技术在材料制备领域具备诸多优势,但仍然面临一些挑战,如等离子体处理具有时效性、处理量小、等离子体发生作用机制不清晰、工程放大困难等。因此,需要从等离子体反应机理及工程技术两个层面进行更深入研究,以期该技术在材料领域获得更广泛的应用。