DISTRIBUTION AND STOCHASTIC GENERATION OF ANNUAL AND MONTHLY PRECIPITATION ON A MOUNTAINOUS WATERSHED IN SOUTHWEST IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: The 18-year precipitation record from the dense gage network on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed located in southwest Idaho was used to determine the spatial distribution of annual and monthly precipitation on a mountainous watershed. Analyses of these data showed a linear relationship between annual amounts and elevation. This relationship was best when the gages were grouped into downwind and upwind sites. This grouping was appropriate because most of the winter storms moved over the watershed from the west and southwest, and the heaviest precipitation was on the west (downwind) side of the watershed. Gage sites along the western and southern watershed borders were most representative of the upwind gages on the east side, because they measured the precipitation from the air moving upwind onto the watershed. The maximum annual precipitation on the watershed was just leeward of the western watershed boundary. The monthly precipitation and elevation relationship was also best represented by grouping the gage sites into upwind and downwind sites. However, during the summer when there are only small amounts of pre cipitation and thunderstorms are the source of most precipitation, one equation can be used to represent the elevation relationship. This study also showed that the log-normal distribution could be used to generate the annual synthetic series, and the cube-root-normal distribution could be used to generate monthly synthetic series for all locations on the watershed.     

VARIATION IN ADIRONDACK,NEW YORK,LAKEWATER CHEMISTRY AS FUNCTION OF SURFACE AREA1

ABSTRACT: Data from a recent survey conducted by the Adirondack Lake Survey Corporation were used to evaluate the influence of lake surface area on the acid-base status of lakes in Adirondack State Park, New York. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in the small lakes (< 4 ha) occurred more frequently at extreme values (> 200, < 0 μeq L^?1), whereas larger lakes tended to be intermediate in ANC. Consequently, acidic (ANC ≤ 0) and low-pH lakes were typically small. The small lakes also exhibited lower Ca²⁺ concentration and higher dissolved organic carbon than did larger lakes. Lakes ≥ 4 ha were only half as likely to be acidic as were lakes ≥ 1 ha in area. These data illustrate the dependence of lake chemistry on lake surface area and the importance of the lower lake area limit for a statistical survey of lake water chemistry.     

北京市生态涵养区生态服务价值评估与生态补偿机制探讨

在分析北京市生态涵养区在生态补偿制度建设困境的基础上,本文将国内外区域生态系统价值评估模型相结合,运用修正的生态服务价值评估模型,对北京市生态涵养区2016年的生态服务价值进行了估算,并分析了2009-2016年生态服务价值的变动及其影响因素,从科学评估生态服务价值、完善生态补偿标准方法的制定、健全生态保护补偿制度、将绿色GDP纳入生态涵养区绩效考核指标评价体系几个方面探讨了完善生态补偿机制的政策措施。一方面更加直观地揭示了生态涵养区生态服务的重要经济价值,另一方面为建立更加科学的生态补偿机制提供了可参考的依据。     

我国南海海域渔业环境保护法律问题与对策

我国南海渔业活动及其以外的人类活动产生的环境问题,严重污染了南海海域的水质,威胁着南海渔业资源的可持续发展。我国南海海域渔业环境保护法律体系已形成,提供了较为合理的制度安排。但仍存在一些法律问题,其中以环境影响评价制度、海洋环境监测制度和海水养殖污染防治制度等方面的问题较为突出。因此本文提出以下法律对策:明确渔业部门在环境影响评价制度中的法律地位,加强渔业海域环境监测的协调机制和完善海水养殖污染防治制度,以期依靠法治的力量保护南海渔业资源的可持续发展。     

农村环境污染分析及开展清洁生产建议

随着我国农村建设的步伐加快,农村的面貌改变很大,不过我们也应该意识到大型的养殖场的出现,动物粪便随意堆放现象严重,农作物生产过程中化肥、农药的大规模使用,加上秸秆焚烧等等,对农村的环境污染影响很大,环顾目前的农村生产生活环境,清洁生产势在必行。     

Assessing effects of digital elevation model resolutions on soil–landscape correlations in a hilly area

The effect of different grid sizes of digital elevation models (DEMs) on the relationship between soil properties and terrain attributes was examined by comparing six DEMs (4, 6, 8, 10, 20 and 30 m). The study site was representative of a broad region of hilly landscapes in the southwestern China. The results showed that elevation, topographic wetness index (TWI), slope and natural logarithm of specific catchment area (SCA) varied with DEM grid size in a relatively clear direction except aspect and plan curvature. Different soil–landscape relationships were found across various DEM resolutions. The observations from this study indicate that the most accurate predict model is not always produced by the highest resolution DEM. The knowledge of which DEM resolution produces an appropriate model for a particular landscape can be used as a guideline for optimizing field sample strategies.     

不同植被对工业污染区盐渍土的改良效果

以包头市西郊工业污染区盐渍化弃耕地为对象，研究了不同植被对土壤水盐动态和体积质量的影响。研究表明，造林后使林地内草本植物得到较快恢复，且归还土壤的枯落物比木本植物多，改良盐渍土壤和促进脱盐的作用较好；随植被盖度增加，盐渍土土壤含盐量和体积质量降低，盐渍土性状逐步改善。因此，在实施以耐盐树种造林为先导的工业污染区盐渍土恢复植被工程时，应适当降低造林密度，以利于林地内草本植物的恢复和建立林草复合植被，提高工业污染区盐渍土的生物治理效果。     

隆回县高海拔山区高效生态经济型退耕还林造林模式研究

通过对六种植物配置方式及三种开发模式的对比试验分析，试验出了一种融水土保持效益与经济效益于一体的高效生态经济型造林模式，并探讨了灰毡毛忍冬产量与海拔高度的关系．结果表明：在自然条件恶劣的小沙江高海拔山区，采用金银花(品种为灰毡毛忍冬) 三木药材或其它草本药材，运用景观生态学原理进行设计开发，可获得很好的经济效益与社会效益，并能保持山区的可持续发展．同时还试验出了主栽树种灰毡毛忍冬在海拔1000～1400m之间时经济效益最好．     

闪光烟火剂感度变化因素的实验研究

研究铝粉的粒度、形状和粘合剂的含量对闪光烟火药剂感度的影响。发现由铝粉和高氯酸钾配制的二元药剂对摩擦和冲击比较钝感，而对静电火花和火焰敏感；当加入粘合剂后，冲击感度和摩擦感度均明显提高。而静电火花感度和火焰感度均明显下降。粒度和形状对感度的影响是铝粉比表面积变化引起的；粘合剂对感度的影响是由于加入粘合剂后形成的微胶囊的脆性和硬度较大，且易藏有气泡，容易形成热点。     

区域定量风险评价理论探讨

基于区域风险评价的特点,给出区域定量风险评价的定义;提出区域定量风险评价的模式;基于事故后果分析方法和灰关联度理论,提出分析项目间风险关联性大小的分析方法。通过对风险关联度计算结果利用曲线进行圆滑处理,将其关联性大小分为4级;在确定不同风险关联度级别的同时,还可以精确反映出同一级别之间及相邻级别之间的相关性差异水平。通过对沈阳化工园区的实际应用,验证了该方法的可行性及其应用效果。风险关联性理论在园区区域定量风险评价中具有一定的实用价值。