锰铝双氧化物改性生物炭减缓土壤重金属对黑麦草的毒性作用

电子垃圾拆解过程中引起的土壤重金属铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)复合污染现象成为一个严峻的问题,为了解决这一问题,利用废弃的螃蟹壳生物质与锰铝盐进行共沉淀后共热解制备了螃蟹壳生物炭(BC)和片状锰铝双氧化物改性的螃蟹壳生物炭(LDO/BC)材料.污染土壤经过BC和LDO/BC修复后,土壤pH、有效磷、速效钾和酶活性得到了提升,土壤中的DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Cd含量显著降低.微生物群落分析表明BC-1%能促进Gemmatimonadota(芽单胞菌)和Acidobacteriota(酸杆菌)相对丰度的上升,而LDO/BC-1%能促进Proteobacteria(变形菌)相对丰度的上升,且变形菌有利于减少Cd在植物中的积累作用.在修复后的土壤中种植黑麦草培养28 d,结果表明,经过投加量为5%BC和1%LDO/BC分别修复后土壤种植的黑麦草发芽率分别提高29%和60%,生长状况更佳,并且黑麦草植株内Cu和Cd的含量相对于未经生物炭材料处理的空白组显著降低.LDO/BC-1%处理组相对于其他处理组表现出更优异的修复效果,且负载在LDO/BC上的Mn可以有效地降低黑麦草吸收土壤中的重金属Cd.     

电子垃圾拆解地区人体双酚A内暴露及与氧化应激效应的关联研究

中国已成为全球电子垃圾的主要回收地之一,电子垃圾拆解造成的污染物人体暴露及健康效应备受关注。尤其是在粗放的拆解方式下,释放的双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)等污染物暴露以及对拆解地区人群的健康影响是重要的科学问题。选取中国北方某电子垃圾拆解地区(即暴露地区)人群为研究对象(包括29名电子垃圾拆解从业者和24名当地居民),以40 km外无电子垃圾拆解地区的人群(N=53)作为参照。暴露地区人群尿液中BPA浓度(中值:10.7μg·g-1肌酐)显著高于参照地区人群(中值:0.66μg·g-1肌酐;P0.01),提示电子垃圾拆解活动可能造成当地人群对BPA的高暴露。暴露地区人群的尿液8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHd G;中值:236μg·g-1肌酐)高于参照人群(中值:142μg·g-1肌酐),统计结果接近显著(P=0.055)。暴露地区人群血清中谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GSH-ST)与铜/锌-超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)含量较参照组显著降低;而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)显著高于参照组(P0.01)。BPA与8-OHd G显著正相关(P0.05)、与GSH-ST负相关(P0.01);多元回归结果显示,尿液中BPA浓度每上升1倍,8-OHd G升高34.9%(95%CI:19.4%~52.3%),而GSH-ST下降5.46%(95%CI:1.17%~9.56%)。本研究显示,电子垃圾拆解可导致该地区人群对BPA的高暴露,这种暴露可导致氧化应激包括对DNA的氧化损伤。     

典型电子废物处置场地表层土壤中的德克隆阻燃剂研究

以我国广东省汕头市贵屿镇典型电子废物处置场地为研究区域,对其表层土中的德克隆(DP)阻燃剂的污染水平及分布模式进行了研究.结果表明,DP在全部23个表层土样品中均被检出,浓度范围为0.308~209ng/g,东南部地区的污染水平显著高于西北部地区,各区域的污染水平也存在一定差异.DP浓度最高点(209ng/g)和次高点(46.2ng/g)均位于主要从事电子废物手工拆解及物理破碎的片区.表层土样品中anti-DP质量分数(fanti)的变化范围为0.444~0.754 (平均值:0.652±0.064),同DP工业品中的fanti值(0.65)不存在显著性差异,表明在表层土中不存在明显的异构体选择性降解.不同的电子废物处置方式对各片区表层土中DP的分布模式影响不明显.     

电子垃圾拆解区土壤-农作物系统中镉元素的空间分布特征及其风险评价

随着电子垃圾的与日俱增,电子垃圾拆解活动导致的土壤重金属污染受到众多研究者的关注.为了探究电子垃圾拆解区周边土壤-农作物系统中镉的污染状况和空间分布特征,本研究采集了171对土壤和农作物样品进行系统解析.结果表明,根茎类、叶菜类、茄果类和水果类农作物土壤中镉含量分别为（1.292±0.647）、（1.010±0.201）、（0.921±0.125）和（0.861±0.135） mg·kg^-1,均值分别是浙江省土壤镉含量背景值的10.0、7.8、7.1和6.3倍,是农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的4.31、3.4、3.07和2.72倍,说明镉在土壤中累积明显.而农作物只有少部分超过食品安全限值,而且不同种类农作物对镉的富集能力的大小顺序为：叶菜类 > 根茎类 > 茄果类 > 水果类.单因子污染指数和潜在生态风险评价结果显示,研究区土壤镉污染严重且有高度的潜在生态风险.健康评价模型发现,手-口摄入重金属是造成当地居民健康风险的主要途径,而且重金属镉暴露对儿童造成的健康风险高于成人,但是该地区单一重金属镉污染暂时不会威胁到当地居民的身体健康.Moran''s I指数以及克里格插值结果揭示了镉具有显著的空间自相关性,存在明显的空间分布格局和局部空间聚集现象,且高值主要集中在电子垃圾拆解区周围,与电子垃圾拆解活动存在显著相关性.     

利用"三废"制轻型保温隔热建筑材料

塑料的问世给人们的日常生活带来了极大方便的同时,也给人类居住环境造成很大破坏。人们使用后的聚苯乙烯泡沫包装盒(板)和塑料袋随处可见,形成了难以消除的“白色污染”。还有工业废渣到处堆积如山,没有得到充分利用。针对这种情况．笔者为了开发这些“三废”材料的新用途．利用泡沫塑料和炉渣表观密度小、空隙率大、保温隔热性能好等特性,研制了一种轻型保温隔热建筑材料,经过实验取得了良好效果。     

Studies on the dechlorination and oil-production technology of waste plastics

 Recycle technology for waste plastics containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been developed in the Hokkaido National Industrial Research Institute for the production of solid and liquid fuel, and has established a recycling process which includes a dechlorination process for PVC plastics, and a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis process for plastics using zeolite catalysts. The dechlorination equipment consists of a two-axis screw extruder with a heating element, which can remove chlorine up to 99.9 wt. % from PVC containing plastics as hydrogen chloride. The product had about 44 000 kJ/kg calorific value and was fed into the next oil production process, although it could also be used as a solid fuel. Natural and synthetic zeolite were used as catalysts for the two-stage catalytic process, which produced a light oil with a boiling point which was between those of kerosene and gasoline. The yield of this oil reached 82 wt. %. The chemical type was analyzed using liquid chromatography, and was found to have many aromatic compounds. These technologies make it possible to produce a nonpolluting, high-calorie solid fuel and a liquid fuel very efficiently. Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: September 21, 2000     

Environmental policy expansion in the EU: the intriguing case of bioinvasion regulation

ABSTRACT

While bioinvasion was an issue of low political salience in Europe, a new regulation addressing it was adopted in 2014 with strong support. This article analyzes the making of the regulation as an intriguing case of policy expansion amid economic crisis. Based on theoretical literature on drivers of EU policy integration and policy dismantling, alternative plausible explanations are explored. Our main finding is that development of economic policy consensus among member states on trade-environment nexus was crucial for progress towards regulatory action. Policy consensus has been driven by a confluence of three domestic factors: trade liberalization, market disintegration, and changing ideas about the desirability of EU-level law, with the European Commission as policy entrepreneur. Low political salience has also had an important effect. It has increased the influence of transnational conservation alliances, which have played a significant catalytic role in building consensus by shifting consciousness to economic reward of policy action vs inaction, and bringing international models for legislative reform to the EU jurisdiction.     

Development of a catalytic dehalogenation (Cl,Br) process for municipal waste plastic-derived oil

Dehalogenation is a key technology in the feedstock recycling of mixed halogenated waste plastics. In this study, two different methods were used to clarify the effectiveness of our proposed catalytic dehalogenation process using various carbon composites of iron oxides and calcium carbonate as the catalyst/sorbent. The first approach (a two-step process) was to develop a process for the thermal degradation of mixed halogenated waste plastics, and also develop dehalogenation catalysts for the catalytic dehydrochlorination of organic chlorine compounds from mixed plastic-derived oil containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) using a fixed-bed flow-type reactor. The second approach (a single-step process) was the simultaneous degradation and dehalogenation of chlorinated (PVC) and brominated (plastic containing brominated flame retardant, HIPS–Br) mixed plastics into halogen-free liquid products. We report on a catalytic dehalogenation process for the chlorinated and brominated organic compounds formed by the pyrolysis of PVC and brominated flame retardant (HIPS–Br) mixed waste plastics [(polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS)], and also other plastics. During dehydrohalogenation, the iron- and calcium-based catalysts were transformed into their corresponding halides, which are also very active in the dehydrohalogenation of organic halogenated compounds. The halogen-free plastic-derived oil (PDO) can be used as a fuel oil or feedstock in refineries.     

Development of a catalytic cracking process for converting waste plastics to petrochemicals

The catalytic degradation of polyolefin using H-gallosilicates was examined using a bench-scale reactor (0.8kg/h) with semicontinuous feeding and the following plastics: (1) low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pellets; (2) linear low-density polyethylene (L-LDPE) pellets; (3) high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pellets; (4) polypropylene (PP) pellets; (5) polyolefin obtained from pulverized industrial waste plastics. The yields of liquid compounds from these materials, which were aromatics in most cases, ranged from 55wt% to 68wt%. With an increase in the ratio of total reactant to catalyst, the liquid yield remained the same. Yields of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTXs) decreased rapidly to below 50wt% at a ratio of more than 30. Differences in this ratio for BTXs were always small and were independent of the material. Only about half of the gas product was propane with a fresh catalyst. When the experiments were repeated, propylene, isobutane, and isobutene were found to increase.     

Waste plastics recycling process using coke ovens

The Japan Iron and Steel Federation (JISF), as its voluntary energy-saving action plan, proposed a 10% energy reduction by 2010 with 1990 as the basis. Further, it has suggested an additional 1.5% energy saving by the use of waste plastics as a metallurgical raw material. The amount of processing of waste plastics which corresponds to this amount of energy conversion is about 1 million t scale during 1 year. Conventional known methods for recycle-processing of waste plastics include, for example, the method of injection into a blast furnace to use waste plastics as an iron-ore reducing agent instead of coal. On the other hand, the coking process is considered to be suitable as a waste plastic recycling facility because the process involves coal carbonization in a high-temperature and reducing atmosphere. Carbonization tests with mixed waste plastics were conducted with laboratory equipment and in actual coke ovens. As a result, it was confirmed that the waste plastics recycling process using coke ovens is feasible. Therefore, a waste plastics recycling process using coke ovens was started as a chemical recycling technology at Nippon Steel.