Metal Concentrations, Foraging Distances, and Fledging Success of Great Blue Herons Nesting along the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River

An ecological risk assessment of the spatial distribution of metal concentrations along the Hanford Reach of the free-flowing Columbia River in southcentral Washington, identified great blue herons, Ardea herodias, at potential risk through the ingestion of contaminated riverine biota, especially fish. We measured metal concentrations in livers of pre-flight herons from the Hanford Reach and excrement samples taken from the same nests. Nests were distributed among three colonies situated upstream and downstream from nine retired plutonium production reactors along the river where metals in reactor coolant waters had been released directly into the river or disposed to shoreline retention basins and ditches. Distances traveled by parent herons to foraging areas along the river shore were determined by visually tracking parent birds as they flew from nests to upriver and downriver foraging sites. Foraging flight distances varied between colonies with mean distances ranging between 0.7 and 3.1 km. Cadmium, Cr, and Pb concentrations were higher in excrement than in the livers of pre-flight herons but the opposite was noted for Cu, Hg, and Zn. Highest metal concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, were measured in excrement taken from heron nests at the colony located upstream from all reactors. These results were consistent with metal concentrations reported in river sediment from the same regions, indicating excrement from the heron nests may be a useful indicator of dietary uptake of metals by herons. Fledging success and eggshell thickness measurements were used as an index of health of the local heron population. The results indicate that the reproductive health of great blue herons nesting along the Hanford Reach is among the highest reported in the continental United States.     

Ozone Indicators Determined at Rural Sites in the Eastern United States by two Monitoring Networks

Ozone levels at Clean Air Status andTrends Network (CASTNet) and nearby rurally-designatedState and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) siteslocated in the eastern United States (U.S.) arecompared using daily indicators (i.e., maximum, range,and SUM06) based on hourly O₃ measurements. Comparisons are also made using monthly and summertimethree-month SUM06 determinations aggregated from dailydata. Comparison of O₃ indicators at the pairedCASTNet-SLAMS sites generally shows better agreementfor O₃ maximum than for range or SUM06. Thehighest correlation of daily O₃ indicators occursfor paired sites that are separated by less than 100miles, and the correlation diminishes with increasingseparation distance. Correlation coefficients exceed0.70 in 49% of the comparisons of maximum, in23% of range comparisons and in 5% ofSUM06 comparisons, suggesting that substitution ofSLAMS for CASTNet O₃ measurements would fail tocapture a substantial amount of the variability inO₃ indicators present at the CASTNet sites. Correlations of O₃ indicators at CASTNet andpaired nearby SLAMS sites are 0.80 in a relativelysmall number of cases. Despite the high correlationin even these cases, O₃ behavior at paired sitesis not identical and shows systematic differences thatare reflected in the O₃ minimum, hourly averageconcentrations, and the monthly and three-month SUM06. Ozone measurements at nearby rurally-designated SLAMSsites may not capture the `rural' nature of the airquality being monitored at CASTNet sites and, in mostcases, may not be sufficiently representative of theconcentration at CASTNet sites to permit O₃measurements at SLAMS sites to be used in lieu ofmeasurements at CASTNet sites. As a result, if ruralO₃ concentration data are needed, then O₃monitoring at carefully chosen, rurally representativesites is recommended.     

南京市大气气溶胶中二元羧酸昼夜变化研究

2002年3月14-19日在南京大学校园内进行了为期1周的采样,用以研究大气气溶胶PM_2.5中的低分子量(C₂～C₁₀)二元羧酸的昼夜变化规律.结果表明,南京市大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的夜间质量浓度(平均为460ng/m3)普遍高于相应的白天质量浓度(平均为350 ng/m3).草酸是含量最高的二元羧酸,其次是丁二酸与丙二酸,这3种二元羧酸占所检测到的水溶性有机酸总量的89%.由C3/C4(ρ(丙二酸)/ρ(丁二酸))(平均为1.00)可以判断采样期间气溶胶中有机酸主要来源于大气的光化学氧化反应,从C6/C9(ρ(己二酸)/ρ(壬二酸))(平均为0.88)可以认为生物源是有机酸的一个重要来源.      

大伙房水库水体及沉积物砷总量及形态分布特征

以0.03 mol·L-1磷酸和0.1 mol·L-1抗坏血酸萃取沉积物样品,以2.0 mmol·L-1NaH2PO4和0.2 mmol·L-1 EDTA(pH=6.0)为流动相,采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)联用技术,对大伙房水库表层水体、表层沉积物孔隙水和表层沉积物中的砷元素总量及赋存形态进行检测分析,同时对大伙房库区沉积物粒度进行取样分析.检测结果表明:大伙房水库库区水体及沉积物中砷元素主要以无机砷形态存在,未检测到有机砷形态;表层水体中砷总量较低;表层沉积物孔隙水中只检测到As(Ⅲ),As(Ⅴ)未检出,且部分采样点砷总量超出国家饮用水标准(10 μg·L-1,GB5749-2006),可能会对底栖生物造成影响;表层沉积物中砷总量较高,且As(Ⅲ)含量大于As(Ⅴ),说明库区沉积环境以还原性条件为主.总体来看,大伙房水库库区水体砷总量较低,但沉积物体系中砷元素总量较高,除R4采样点外均超过国家土壤环境Ⅰ级标准(GB 15618-1995).沿外源河流输入口向库区方向砷总量降低,说明库区砷元素主要来源于外源河流输入,且以浑河为主要来源.     

不同封育年限荒漠草原土壤呼吸日、季动态变化及其影响因子

围封禁牧措施可以改善退化草地生态环境,是我国退化草地植被恢复的主要措施.为探讨干旱区荒漠草原不同围封禁牧年限的土壤呼吸作用特征及影响因子,在生长季连续观测围封禁牧11 a、7 a、放牧不封育(CK)荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率及环境因子,结果表明:1在日、季尺度上,封育11 a、7 a和CK荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率均具有明显的单峰曲线变化规律,在日尺度上,最大、最小值分别出现在12:00~16:00和00:00~06:00;在季节变化尺度上,最大值出现在降水较多温度适宜的8月,土壤呼吸均值表现为11 a[0.143 g·(m2·h)-1]7 a[0.138 g·(m2·h)-1]CK[0.106 g·(m2·h)-1].2封育与未封育荒漠草原的土壤呼吸速率与空气、土壤温度均呈极显著的指数关系(P0.001),相关性大小为:地表温度(R2:0.408~0.413)空气温度(R2:0.355~0.376)5~20 cm土壤温度(R2:0.263~0.394);温度敏感性系数Q10随着土层的加深逐渐变大,不同封育年限Q10表现为11 a(2.728)7 a(2.436)CK(2.086).3封育11 a、7 a和CK荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率与空气湿度、土壤含水量一元二次模型达到显著水平(P0.05),与空气二氧化碳呈极显著线性负相关(P0.01),与风速呈显著线性正相关(P0.05),与光照强度呈极显著线性正相关(P0.01).4干旱区荒漠草原土壤呼吸作用随着围封禁牧年限的增加而增加,温度敏感性系数亦随之增加,0~20 cm土壤温度和水分是其土壤呼吸的主要影响因子.     

南北向街谷内热不稳定流场日变化规律的模拟研究

城市街谷内热不稳定流动是促进污染物扩散的重要影响因素之一.本文基于街谷内热平衡分析,结合大涡模拟方法,研究了一个南北走向的城市街谷内温度、风场的日变化特征,并分析了壁面对流换热及长波辐射对街谷内环境的影响.结果显示:壁面对流换热是影响街谷内温度、风场的主要因素,而长波辐射的影响非常小,长波辐射引起街谷内空气温度升高不足对流换热影响的10％,而其对平均风速和脉动量的影响更是在2％和1％以内;街谷内空气温度从早上开始逐渐增加,到15:00的时候达到最大,可达311 K(38℃);上午时段,迎风面壁面热浮力减弱街谷内风速,街谷底部和迎风墙侧的脉动量根均方值较大,而下午时段街谷顶部的脉动量根均方值达到最大.街谷内不同位置和不同时段内,通过建筑材料选择和表面结构设计,适当调控建筑壁面的温度,可以促进街谷内温度分布和空气流通改善.     

单次降水对高寒草地温室气体通量昼夜变化的影响研究

在全球变化背景下,青藏高原降水格局发生改变,并影响高寒草地温室气体排放.为了更好地认识降水变化与高寒草地温室气体排放的关系,在2015年7月24日,通过人工降水6.7 mm,研究了单次降水对高寒草地温室气体昼夜变化的影响.表明:(1)单次降水没有改变土壤温度,但显著增加了土壤湿度;(2)单次降水后24小时内,高寒草地CH4吸收量降低了2.46倍,CO2和N2 O排放量分别提高15.3%和98.9%;(3)单次降水弱化了高寒草地CH4和N2 O排放量与土壤温度的关系.     

夏季黄渤海表层海水中二甲亚砜(DMSO)的浓度分布

根据2011年6月对黄渤海进行的大面调查,分析研究了夏季表层海水中颗粒态和溶解态二甲亚砜(DMSOp、DMSOd)的水平分布及其周日变化特征.海水中DMSO首先采用NaBH4将其还原为二甲基硫(DMS),再利用冷阱吹扫-捕集气相色谱法进行间接测定.结果表明,表层海水中DMSOp浓度的变化范围是5.43～18.35 nmol·L-1,平均值为(11.47±0.25)nmol·L-1;DMSOd浓度的变化范围是4.75～43.80 nmol·L-1,平均值为(13.42±0.58)nmol·L-1.相关性分析显示:DMSOp与叶绿素a(Chl-a)、温度、盐度等不存在相关性,而DMSOp/Chl-a比值与盐度存在一定的正相关,表明DMSO在藻细胞内具有渗透压调节功能;DMSOd与细菌、DMSOp浓度不存在相关性,而与DMS浓度存在一定的正相关,表明表层海水中DMSOd的主要来源是DMS的光化学氧化.另外,DMSOp与DMSOd均呈现出明显的周日变化规律,白天时段浓度明显高于夜间时段.     

结合水体光学分类反演太湖总悬浮物浓度

本研究利用2008年11月、2009年4月、2010年5月及2010年8月的太湖水体原位观测数据,在对光学复杂水体进行光学分类的基础上,分别建立了针对各个类别水体的总悬浮物浓度高光谱反演模型.通过对每类水体中各个模型的性能比较,分别得到各类水体的最优模型:第一类水体,比值模型为最优模型;第二类水体,半分析模型2为最优模型;第三类水体,一阶微分模型为最优模型.同时,比较分类前后模型的精度和稳定性,结果表明分类后,两者均表现出不同程度的提高,并且分析了光学分类导致半分析模型精度下降的原因.最后针对本研究的结果在遥感数据上的适用性进行了探讨,表明在高光谱遥感数据上有很大的应用潜力.本研究结论对光学复杂湖泊水体的水色遥感具有积极重要的意义.     

昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N2O排放通量,研究昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明,增温没有改变大豆田土壤N2O排放通量的季节性变化规律.整个生长季,与对照相比,增温土壤N2O平均排放通量增加了17.31%(P=0.019),累积排放量显著增加了20.27%(P=0.005).对照与增温处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温湿度均呈显著性相关关系,对照与增温土壤的N2O排放温度敏感系数分别为3.75和4.10.整个生育期,增温显著增加了植株地上和总生物量、叶片硝酸还原酶活性和全氮含量,显著降低了叶片NO3--N含量;显著增加了土壤NO3--N含量,但对土壤有机碳及全氮含量没有显著影响.本研究表明,昼夜增温显著增加了大豆田土壤N2O的排放.