十溴联苯醚的热解及其影响因素研究

在200~300℃的温度范围内研究了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的热降解及其影响因素.结果表明,温度、时间以及硝酸铜、三氯化铁、氯化铝和氯化锌等处理线路板过程中产生的金属盐对BDE-209热降解有不同的影响.升高温度或延长热解时间均能促进BDE-209的热解,且温度对BDE-209降解的影响程度大于时间对其降解的影响;硝酸铜、三氯化铁和氯化铝对BDE-209的热解均起促进作用,促进作用的顺序为:硝酸铜 >三氯化铁 >氯化铝;氯化锌对BDE-209的热解有抑制作用;随着温度的升高,氯化铝和氯化锌对BDE-209热降解的影响减弱.该研究结果可为深入探究电子垃圾热处理过程中BDE-209的释放及降解提供科学依据.     

滇池浮游植物群落特征及与环境因子的典范对应分析

2013年3、5、7和11月对滇池浮游植物群落进行监测,共检出浮游植物6门31属,主要由绿藻门、蓝藻门、硅藻门组成.浮游植物平均丰度值7482×10⁴ cells/L,3月绿藻门占优势,优势种为栅藻;5、7、11月均以蓝藻门占优势,优势种均为微囊藻.对31属浮游植物与10个环境因子的关系进行典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA),结果表明:电导率、DO、TN、TP、COD_Mn是影响滇池浮游植物分布的主要环境因子.蓝藻能适应较高氮磷营养盐,还受到电导率、COD_Mn、DO、pH值影响;绿藻能适应高的水温、pH值和COD_Mn,同时受到氮磷营养盐、DO、电导率的影响;硅藻能适应高的pH值、COD_Mn,还受到氮磷营养盐、水温、DO、电导率的影响.     

中国碳排放强度的行业差异与动因分析

测算了1995—2010年中国各行业的碳排放强度,并采用行业分解方法分析了各行业对中国碳排放强度的影响. 结果表明:工业碳排放对总体碳排放强度下降起主导作用,对其下降的贡献率为73.35%;其他服务业次之,贡献率为22.68%;农业、交通运输业、商业和建筑业贡献率较低,分别为1.38%、1.22%、1.17%、0.20%. 采用泰尔指数对中国碳排放强度进行行业差异分析发现,1995—2010年中国各行业碳排放强度泰尔指数从0.3927升至0.4889,行业间碳排放强度的差异呈扩大趋势. 运用差值因素分解模型分析中国碳排放强度变化动因发现,在1995—2010年中国碳排放强度的下降中,技术效应具有促进作用,贡献率为104.64%;结构效应具有抑制作用,贡献率为-4.64%. 未来宜从优化产业结构、加快技术研发和应用等方面降低碳排放强度.      

三种药品联合毒性作用及其环境风险分析

测定了阿司匹林、盐酸环丙沙星和阿奇霉素3种常见活性医药成分(APIs)对发光菌的单一毒性以及混合体系的联合毒性,并应用毒性单位法(TU)、相加指数法(AI)和混合毒性指数(MTI)等方法对混合体系联合作用类型进行分析.结果表明,阿司匹林显示较高的单一毒性,联合毒性中除阿司匹林-环丙沙星二元混合体系为部分相加作用外,其它体系联合毒性均呈现为不同程度的拮抗作用.同时应用简化环境模型计算了3种医药品的预测环境浓度(PEC)和预测无效应浓度(PNEC),将风险表征参数(PEC/PNEC)作为综合评价因子,获得3种医药品目前在大连开发区污水处理厂排水中的数值较低,以阿司匹林综合评价因子最高.     

Early life environment and developmental immunotoxicity in inflammatory dysfunction and disease

Components of the innate immune system such as macrophages and dendritic cells are instrumental in determining the fate of immune responses and are, also, among the most sensitive targets of early life environmental alterations including developmental immunotoxicity (DIT). DIT can impede innate immune cell maturation, disrupt tissue microenvironment, alter immune responses to infectious challenges, and disrupt regulatory responses. Dysregulation of inflammation, such as that observed with DIT, has been linked with an increased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases in both children and adults. In this review, we discuss the relationship between early-life risk factors for innate immune modulation and promotion of dysregulated inflammation associated with chronic inflammatory disease. The health risks from DIT-associated inflammation may extend beyond primary immune dysfunction to include an elevated risk of several later-life, inflammatory-mediated diseases that target a wide range of physiological systems and organs. For this reason, determination of innate immune status should be an integral part of drug and chemical safety evaluation.     

Metal distribution in marine sediments of the Mar Piccolo in Taranto (Ionic Sea,southern Italy)

The spatial distribution of selected metals (Fe, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg and Cd) and their partition in the different chemical forms (speciation) were determined in benthic sediments from Mar Piccolo, Taranto (Ionic Sea, southern Italy). The aim of this study was to assess the degree of sediment contamination and bioavailability of metals, very important for Italian mussel culture, in a semi-enclosed marine ecosystem. In sediments, grain size distribution, total organic carbon (TOC), and humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids contents were also determined. The compounds TOC, HA and FA, in fact, have a great influence on metal complexation. High concentrations of copper, lead, zinc and mercury were found, especially in sediments of the first inlet of Mar Piccolo. Statistical analysis of results shows significant correlation among Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations and the influence of organic matter on the sediment distribution of Cu, Pb and Zn. Metal speciation analysis, carried out with sequential extraction method, shows that Fe and Ni are present in sediments mainly as sulphides. Mn and Pb are present principally in an ion-exchangeable form or bound to carbonate and Cu is associated to organic matter. Metal pollution index (MPI), calculated as a weighed mean of the metal contamination factors in each station, shows that with regard to Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, some stations investigated are unpolluted (MPI <1), whereas in other areas, pollution level is not very high. On the contrary, for mercury, the pollution level in the first inlet of the basin is very high.     

Mercury exposure in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients from Ganga plain region in India: A retrospective study

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive disorder that usually runs a fatal course within 2–5 years of onset, is characterized by loss of motor neurons in the cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord. In this study mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined in blood samples of 40 ALS patients, of whom 24 ALS patients were from the Ganga plain region and their metal levels were found to be significantly higher. In contrast, Hg levels in the 16 ALS patients from non-Ganga plain regions whose levels were similar to those of the control subjects. Mercury in stream water samples and freshly deposited stream sediment were determined in the locations of patients’ native residences along the Ganga plain region and metal levels were found to be higher than the threshold guideline values for Hg in stream waters recommended by WHO. The geo-accumulation index in selected sites of freshly deposited stream sediment ranged from moderate to highly polluted. The high levels of Hg observed in ALS patients may potentially alter the redox status of neuronal cell components and induce cell-death pathways.     

乌梁素海沉积物重金属生物活性及环境污染评估

为阐明乌梁素海沉积物重金属生物活性及理化性质对重金属形态变化的影响,对湖泊重金属污染修复治理方面提供科学依据,2011年1月在乌梁素海9个站点采集表层沉积物样品,采用改进BCR逐级提取法分析Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As等7种重金属元素的形态,利用活性系数与迁移系数对重金属生物活性进行研究;结合沉积物理化性质,系统探讨影响重金属化学形态与生物活性的因素;应用次生相与原生相比值法,从重金属形态学角度对沉积物重金属状况进行评估.结果表明,(1)沉积物中重金属活性系数的大小顺序为 Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>Pb >As>Cr;重金属的迁移系数为 Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>As>Pb>Cr.(2)沉积物物理化学性质和重金属总量对各种化学形态重金属含量影响程度明显不同.重金属总量对残渣态影响较大;pH对酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态影响较大;有机质与酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态有较大相关性;盐度与酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态有一定的相关性.总氮、总磷与有机物和硫化物结合态有一定的相关性.(3)从重金属形态角度评价,7种重金属除Cd外,污染程度并不大,全湖KRSP的平均值大小顺序为Cd(1.66)>Cu(0.84)>Hg(0.72)>Zn(0.42)>Cr(0.15)>Pb(0.14)>As(0.06).结合总量、生物可利用性与形态学评价,乌梁素海重金属 Cd 是生物活性最强、污染最严重的金属,Hg污染次之,应该对Cd与Hg给予特别关注.     

Changes in major factors affecting the ecosystem health of the Weihe River in Shaanxi Province, China

Maintenance of the ecosystem health of a river is of great importance for local sustainable development. On the basis of both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the influence of natural variations and human activities on the ecosystem function of the Weihe River, the changes in major factors affecting its ecosystem health are deter- mined, which include： 1） Deficiency of environment flow： since the 1960s, the incoming stream flow shows an obvious decreasing tendency. Even in the low flow period, 80% of the water in the stream is impounded by dams for agriculture irrigation in the Baoji district. As a result, the water flow maintained in the stream for environmental use is very limited. 2） Deterioration of water quality： the concentrations of typical pollutants like Chemical Oxygen Demand （COD） and NH3-N are higher than their maximum values of the Chinese environmental quality standard. Very few fish species can survive in the River. 3） Deformation of water channels： the continuous channel sedimentation has resulted in the decrease in stream gradient, shrinkage of riverbed and the decline in the capability for flood discharge. 4） Loss of riparian vegetation： most riparian land has been occupied by urban construction activities, which have caused the loss of riparian vegetation and biodiversity and further weakened flood control and water purification functions.