东北地区夏季旱涝的区域特征及水汽异常输送

应用东北地区91个站46a的夏季逐日降水资料和相应的NCEP／NCAR逐日水汽输送资料，通过旋转正交经验分解法分析了该区夏季旱涝的区域特征，并进一步研究了各分区旱涝年的水汽异常输送特征。结果表明，东北地区的夏季降水异常具有明显的区域特征，大致可分为6个独立的区域。分别分析了各区域旱涝年与降水正常年水汽输送的差异，发现各区域旱涝年的异常水汽输送路径和关键区均存在明显的不同，且旱涝年异常水汽输送并不是简单的反位相。     

广东农业旱灾的时间分布规律及重灾年份预测

广东是华南农业旱灾较严重的省份，几乎年年都有发生，造成了巨大的经济损失。过去55a间，农业旱灾波动性加重发展，大致以10a为周期，轻重灾害期交替出现。在重灾期内，受灾率和成灾率都很高。广东农业旱灾的受灾率异常指数和成灾率异常指数变化较大，据此建立了农业旱灾灰色灾变预测模型。计算结果表明，今后20a将出现3个重灾年份，即2010-2011年，2015-2017年和2022—2024年期间，后两个年份极有可能发生特大旱灾。     

北方草地干旱指标

介绍了内蒙古自治区和青海、新疆省的草地干旱指标研究。通过对大量历史资料的统计分析得出0～30cm深土壤层的相对湿度与相对蒸降差这两个物理量,与牧草生长发育及产草量有密切的关系。三省、自治区分别以土壤相对湿度与相对蒸降差为指标,对草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原进行了干旱等级划分和检验,结果较为满意。     

广东省水旱灾害风险分析与农业可持续发展

水旱灾害历来是威胁严重的自然灾害,它制约着广东省农业生产和社会经济发展.本文分析了广东省水旱灾害的特点及成因,根据1950～2002年的资料,应用信息扩散方法对广东省的水旱灾害进行了风险评估,勾画出广东省水旱灾受灾率概率分布曲线图,提出了广东省农业减灾的措施:合理调整农业布局和作物种植结构,采取趋利避害的农业措施,推行有效的防灾技术,改善农业生态环境,增强防灾减灾意识,提高防灾减灾水平.     

洪泽湖湿地生态脆弱性的理论与实践

近年淮河流域洪涝灾害的频发,使洪泽湖湿地生态脆弱带区域受到越来越多的关注.分析了生态脆弱性的内涵、机理、特征以及其脆弱性的成因,主要表现在地貌基底的脆弱性、过渡带界面的脆弱性、旱涝灾害交替波动的脆弱性、水质污染的介入性脆弱,以及人类活动综合影响的干扰性脆弱.     

WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS IN A NEW MEXICO WATER PLANNING REGION1

ABSTRACT: The population in the Jemez y Sangre Water Planning Region of New Mexico has reached the point at which the demand for water exceeds available supplies, particularly when precipitation is below average, as has frequently occurred in recent years. The desire to develop a sustainable water supply that relies on renewable supplies in wet years and preserves the water in storage for times of drought motivated a diverse set of stakeholders in the region to participate in regional water planning. The planning effort culminated in development of the Jemez y Sangre Regional Water Plan, which was adopted by municipal and county governments in the region. The plan assesses and compares water supply and demand in the region and recommends alternatives for protecting and restoring the existing water supply and addressing the pending gap between supply and demand anticipated by the year 2060. To convey to decision makers the alternatives available to solve the future water shortage, option charts were developed to portray the amount of water that could be obtained or conserved through their implementation. The option charts show that the projected gap between supply and demand cannot be met through one alternative only, but will require a combination of alternatives.     

DROUGHT,TREE RINGS,AND RESERVOIR DESIGN1

Droughts constitute one of the most important factors affecting the design and operation of water resources infrastructure. Hydrologists ascertain their duration, severity, and pattern of recurrence from instrumental records of precipitation or stream‐flow. Under suitable conditions, and with proper analysis, tree rings obtained from long living, climate sensitive species of trees can extend instrumental records of streamflow and precipitation over periods spanning several centuries. Those tree‐ring “reconstructions” provide a valuable insight about climate variability and drought occurrence in the Holocene, and yield long term hydrological data useful in the design of water infrastructure. This work presents a derivation of drought risk based on a renewal model of drought recurrence, a brief review of the basic theory of tree‐ring reconstructions, and a stochastic model for optimizing the design of water supply reservoirs. Examples illustrate the methodology developed in this work and the supporting role that tree‐ring reconstructed streamflow can play in characterizing hydrologic variability.     

土壤干旱和内源ABA对夏玉米产量的影响

对不同程度土壤干旱胁迫和夏玉米根、茎、叶中脱落酸含量变化对产量形成的影响进行了试验研究.充足底墒条件下播种后采用5个土壤水分等级(0～2m土壤相对湿度分别为>80%,70%～80%,60%～70%,50%～60%和40%～50%,处理代号分别为WT1～WT5),生育期内遮去自然降水.试验结果表明,轻度土壤干旱胁迫(WT3处理)下,由于表土层干旱促进了根源信号的产生、运输和累积,明显抑制了叶面积的发育和地上部分的干物质累积,降低了地上部分水分损失;同时该处理的玉米植株根系发育良好,不仅有效地利用了表土层的水分,而且根系向土壤深层延伸吸收利用土壤深层贮存的水分,有效地缓解了干旱胁迫和根信号对产量形成造成的负面影响,在土壤水分利用和获取之间达到了较好的平衡,提高了植株体的水分利用率并增加了收获指数.     

洞庭湖区旱涝特征浅析

洞庭湖区是一个旱涝频繁发生的地区；整个洞庭湖区以洪涝年居多，干旱年次之；湖区洪涝发生具有持续性特点，干旱发生具有间歇性特点。     

农业旱灾中人为因素的定量分析 --以秀山县为例

以重庆秀山县为研究对象。对建国后50年中各年代人为因素对农业旱灾的作用进行了比较，探讨了其成因及变化趋势。研究表明，在20世纪50年代和60年代，秀山县由于生态破坏、水利设施不足和不合理的政策导向等，人为因素起着加剧旱灾灾情的作用，而在70年代至90年代。由于农业基础设施投入的加大、抗旱政策的制定等，人为因素开始起着越来越强的缓解灾情的作用。