水分调控下旱地土壤中毒死蜱的消解研究

为探讨水分调控下旱地土壤中毒死蜱的消解特性,通过盆栽试验及通径分析方法,研究了不同水分条件下旱地土壤中毒死蜱消解速率及其与土壤性质之间的关系.结果表明:①土壤中毒死蜱的消解速率随时间的延长而逐渐减缓,并且不同水分条件下土壤中毒死蜱的消解速率不同,施药45 d后,5个水分处理（20% FC、40% FC、60% FC、80% FC和100% FC,表示田间持水量依次为20%、40%、60%、80%和100%）下毒死蜱的消解率分别为65.58%~85.56%、70.71%~89.64%、76.30%~95.33%、72.53%~97.60%和70.57%~90.80%,其中以80% FC下的消解速率最快,60% FC下次之.②一级动力学方程能较好地描述土壤中毒死蜱的消解过程（R2>0.88）,消解速率常数（k）最大为0.099 0 d-1.③土壤中毒死蜱的消解速率与w（有机碳）、w（DOC）（DOC为可溶性有机碳）和w（MBC）（MBC为微生物量碳）均呈显著相关.通径分析结果显示,水分条件的改变致使土壤中w（有机碳）、w（DOC）和w（MBC）发生变化,进而对土壤中毒死蜱的消解速率产生较大影响.④大豆、玉米和小麦根际土壤中毒死蜱消解速率均快于非根际土壤,根际土壤中毒死蜱消解速率表现为大豆土壤（0.099 0 d-1）>玉米土壤（0.080 6 d-1）>小麦土壤（0.069 6 d-1）.研究显示,改变土壤水分含量可有效调节土壤中毒死蜱的消解,并为农业生产中毒死蜱的安全施用提供参考依据.      

华北地区旱田土壤氧化亚氮的排放

在１９９１－１９９３年间用封闭罩测定了对照田、施肥田Ｎ２Ｏ的排放量。结果表明，Ｎ２Ｏ通量显示出时、空变化规律。对照田，施尿素田和施混合肥田（尿素加有机肥）Ｎ２Ｏ排放量分别是１．０３±０．４ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ２ａ；１．９１±０．６ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ２ａ和２．１１±１．０ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ２ａ．尿素和混合肥释放Ｎ２Ｏ系数分别为０．２９％和０．３５％。由土壤含水量，土壤温度和速效氮浓度等土壤变量建立了Ｎ２Ｏ排放的统计模式。     

有机肥替代化肥对旱地黄壤有机碳矿化及活性有机碳的影响

目前有机肥替代化肥对旱地黄壤有机碳矿化及活性有机碳的影响特征及机制还不够明确.为探究有机肥替代化肥对旱地黄壤有机碳矿化及活性有机碳的的影响,采集施肥处理为:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NP)、50％有机肥替代化肥[1/2(NPM)]和100％有机肥替代化肥(M)的土壤进行有机碳室内矿化培养研究,探究有机肥替代化肥条件下土...     

贵州省旱地土壤Hg污染状况与玉米安全生产评估

贵州省是我国Hg产量和储量最大的省份,玉米是其第二大粮食作物,有必要摸清贵州省土壤Hg含量状况,并评估其玉米生产安全性.在玉米主产区采集了990组土壤-玉米样品和270个土壤单一样品,测定土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)和有机质(SOM)含量,以及土壤和玉米中Hg含量.结果表明,贵州省旱地土壤pH在3.93～9.82之间,ω(SOM)几何均值为27.5 g·kg^-1,CEC几何均值为11.7 cmol·kg^-1;土壤ω(Hg)范围为0.005～686 mg·kg^-1,几何均值为0.632mg·kg^-1,样点超标率为7.22%;其中,铜仁市土壤Hg污染最突出,超标率达21.3%;就县级而言,黔东南苗族侗族自治州丹寨县、铜仁市万山区和碧江区土壤Hg点位超标率较高;基于《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017),玉米籽粒Hg含量超标率为1.11%,超标点位主要分布于铜仁市万山区和安顺市西秀区等工矿业活动区周围.由结果可知,贵州省存在土壤Hg污染严重的情况,整体上玉米可实现安全种植,但...     

推荐管理措施情景下黄淮海地区旱地土壤固碳潜力模拟研究——以河南省获嘉县为例

农田土壤固碳不仅可以减缓气候变化,而且能够提高土壤质量。推荐管理措施,如少、免耕和秸秆还田等,具有促进农田土壤有机碳（SOC）增加的巨大潜力。旱地占中国农田面积的70%以上,在固定大气CO2方面可以发挥重要作用。本研究基于黄淮海地区的一个旱地土壤肥力长期监测点数据并运用Century模型模拟了监测期间（1998～2007）土壤有机碳动态变化。在此基础上,设计了1种基础管理措施情景和4种推荐管理措施情景并模拟了它们未来20年的固碳潜力。模拟结果表明,监测期间监测点土壤有机碳密度增加2.72 Mg.hm-2,年均增加0.27 Mg.hm-2。土壤有机碳的增加主要是因为氮肥施用量的增加。模型验证结果表明,Century模型很好地模拟了监测点土壤有机碳的动态变化。各推荐管理措施均具有较大的固碳潜力,其中50%秸秆还田是比少、免耕更有效的固碳措施,而少耕＋50%秸秆还田的固碳潜力最大。因此,在黄淮海地区旱地推广实施推荐管理措施是促进农田土壤固碳的有效策略,有助于减缓大气CO2浓度升高和保障国家粮食安全。     

Are Irrigators Different from Dryland Operators? Insights from a Comparative Study in Australia

Social researchers tasked with advising practitioners on effective stakeholder engagement often develop typologies that distinguish operators on key attributes. We build on emerging research exploring the efficacy of occupational identity by investigating a potentially important difference among rural landholders that, to our knowledge, remains untested: irrigated operations and dryland operations. Using primary data collected from a large sample of operators in the North Central region of Victoria, Australia, we compared irrigators with dryland operators across a range of characteristics, controlling for the influence of occupational identity. We find evidence that irrigators tend to hold a stronger business orientation toward their properties and that dryland operators tend to hold stronger environmental concerns. But, it is important not to overdraw contrasts on business‐environment tradeoffs. Both place value on financial aspects of their properties and both hold environmental concerns. But, the especially close coupling of life and work among irrigators encourage a stronger orientation toward farming, and the natural resource base, as a means of sustaining livelihoods. We discuss the implications of the findings for future research and for stakeholder engagement efforts.     

渭北旱塬生态用地降水资源化潜力的估算及评价

针对黄土高原地区水资源严重短缺的态势和生态环境建设的需要，以黄土高原典型地区的渭北旱塬为例。对该区各种生态用地降水资源化理论潜力、可实现潜力和现实潜力进行初步估算。并进行相应评价。结果表明：农、林、牧、果业生产结构布局不合理，使得区内各地、市各种降水资源化潜力差异较大；林地、园地、牧草地的自然降水利用率较大：生态用地降水资源化现实潜力开发度与可实现潜力开发度有11．06％差距．现实潜力开发度与理论潜力开发度相比有36．22％潜力尚待开发。证明该区降水资源化潜力较大，但生态环境建设还是受水盗源短缺限制。     

MEASURING THE CONTRIBUTION OF LAND AND WATER TO AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT Irrigated land outproduces dryland agriculture, especially in the western United States. Many valuable crops could not be grown without irrigation. A paucity of yield data does not allow direct measurement of the contribution from irrigated crop agriculture, nor does it allow evaluation of the contributions from livestock which are dependent upon irrigated feed. Regression results indicate that 80 percent of Idaho farm income is associated with irrigation, and that 75 percent of the farm income in the 17 western states is associated with irrigation. For the United States as a whole, results indicate that 13.7 percent of the total cropland (irrigated land) produced 41.3 percent of all cash receipts from farming in 1978. If 14 percent of the land can produce 40 percent of the value of production, can 35 percent of our land produce all our food and fiber needs? Such an allegation has several implications in terms of the adequacy of our land and water resources. It also emphasizes the role of technology in future resource use and production.     

氨基酸厂废水对旱坡地紫色土某些生态因子的影响

模拟试验表明，氨基酸厂废水可以在一定程度上促进旱坡地紫色土某些生态因子的改善，主要表现在该废水可以增加土壤氮素和有机质含量，改善土壤水分状况，降低土壤失水速率和极限失水率，但也存在氯、盐分的累积，以及铜、锌、锰、铅等重金属元素活性加强等危险，这些结果已从现场调查及采样分析中得到验证。     

Modeling and Measurement of Structural Changes at a Landscape Scale in Dryland Areas

We present a technique to quantify and model the intensity of structural changes produced by management of dry grazing lands at a landscape scale. The technique is illustrated with the analysis of digitized black–white (b/w) imagery and an application to the study of changes induced by grazing gradients. Structural changes in patchy vegetation canopies were studied in the Patagonian Monte (Chubut, Argentina) at two resolution scales by means of linear transects in the field (50 m) and others drawn on aerial b/w photographs (2–5 km) of grazed paddocks. Spatial series of plant cover values along transects in the field and on photographs were analyzed with standard techniques of spectral analyses, including auto-correlation spectra and Fourier transforms. In order to test the internal consistency of the techniques used, synthetic plant canopies with patches of varying cover and size were generated by means of a stochastic model of plant growth under different stocking rates or after varying periods of recovery. The behavior of the simulation model is consistent with the observed dynamics of plant canopies in semiarid environments. There is a consistent relation between the number and geometric properties of plant patches (patch number, patch size, patch connectivity) and the signal/noise ratios of the Fourier decomposition describing plant density data. Signal/noise ratios corresponding to plant cover data in paddocks with different grazing treatment are consistent with the assumptions derived from modeled canopies, as well as those estimated from optical density of b/w aerial photographs of paddocks. We tested the hypotheses that patch arrangements as quantified by the signal/noise ratios vary in accordance with grazing gradients in paddocks with a permanent corner-located watering point. The use of digitized b/w images allows inspecting permanent changes over time periods when other types of images were not yet available.