黄土塬区旱作冬小麦增产潜力研究

在长期冬小麦潜势试验和肥料试验的基础上 ,建立了作物光温水肥产量模型 ,从光温生产潜力、旱作产量潜势、现阶段施肥水平下光温水肥产量潜力和目前试区产量现状共4个层次 ,对黄土塬区旱作冬小麦的增产潜力进行了分析。结果指出 ,目前黄土塬区冬小麦实际产量仅达到了光温潜力的41 6 %、旱作产量潜势的49 3 %、试区施肥水平下光温水肥产量潜力的78 6 %。因此 ,采用合理施肥方式和加强田间管理 ,黄土高原塬区旱作冬小麦还有较大的增产潜力。     

基于LUCC的陕西渭北旱塬区景观生态风险评价

基于土地利用/土地覆被变化构建景观生态风险评价模型,评价了渭北旱塬区1980～2018年的生态风险状况.结果表明,随着城镇快速扩张,土地开发利用强度加大,各土地利用类型发生了不同程度的变化,其中,耕地减少量最多,共减少了636.36km2,建设用地增加量最大,共增加了496.17km2;受人口增长和退耕还林、还草政策实...     

起源喀斯特溶洞湿地稻田与旱地土壤的微生物数量、生物量及土壤酶活性比较

本研究的目的是比较起源于天然湿地的稻田湿地与旱地土壤微生物特征的差异.以桂林会仙喀斯特溶洞湿地系统内的稻田湿地、天然湿地和旱地表层(0~20 cm)土壤为研究对象,采用平板菌落计数法与氯仿熏蒸提取法和试剂盒提取法分别测定微生物数量与微生物生物量和微生物DNA,采用比色法测定土壤酶活性.结果表明,稻田湿地的细菌数量为(4.36±2.25)×10~7CFU·g~(-1),显著高于天然湿地和旱地;稻田湿地和旱地的真菌数量分别为(6.41±2.16)×10~4 CFU·g~(-1)和(6.52±1.55)×10~4 CFU·g~(-1),显著高于天然湿地,而旱地的放线菌数量为(2.65±0.72)×10~6 CFU·g~(-1),显著高于天然湿地.稻田湿地微生物DNA质量分数为(11.92±3.69)μg·g~(-1),显著高于旱地.稻田湿地的蔗糖酶活性为(66.87±18.61)mg·(g·24 h)~(-1),显著高于旱地,天然湿地的碱性磷酸酶活性为(2.07±0.99)mg·(g·2h)~(-1),显著高于旱地.统计分析显示,碱性磷酸酶活性、微生物生物量碳和微生物DNA质量分数与土壤pH、土壤有机碳、总氮、碱解氮、土壤水分、交换性Ca~(2+)和交换性Mg~(2+)呈显著的正相关关系,蔗糖酶活性与前4种土壤因子也呈显著的正相关关系.以上结果表明,微生物生物量和微生物功能活性对会仙喀斯特溶洞湿地土地利用方式变化的反应比较敏感,土壤含水量、pH、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)等理化因子与土壤有机碳等养分是影响土壤微生物数量和活性的主要因子.鉴于天然湿地和稻田湿地土壤微生物特征的相似性,把适量稻田湿地作为一种特殊的人工湿地在喀斯特湿地系统的缓冲区和实验区中加以保留并加以保护较为合理.     

旱地深层土壤厌氧氨氧化菌及全细菌群落结构对加水培养的响应变化

为研究旱地深层土壤中厌氧氨氧化菌及相伴随的全细菌的群落结构对水分增加的响应变化,选取西澳大陆Kalgoorlie地区60 m深的典型旱地土壤,采集淀积层和母质层土壤样品,加入纯水或3.5%的盐水进行密闭培养.针对厌氧氨氧化功能基因hzsB基因及细菌16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序.结果显示:初始土壤并未有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,加水培养3个月之后,开始有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,此时盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性要高于纯水培养的结果.且纯水培养中,厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构在淀积层和母质层中类似,均以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'为主(92.09%和91.94%),另有一定量的Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(7.43%和7.89%).盐水培养中,淀积层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(50.03%)和Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(40.25%),母质层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(71.20%);继续培养一个月后,盐水培养和纯水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性均有增加,且盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性依旧要高于纯水培养的结果.此时纯水培养中,淀积层依旧以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(87.88%)为主导,母质层中Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'增长明显,达到50.90%,取代Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(39. 92%)成为主导种属.盐水培养中,Candidatus‘Brocadia fulgida'(45. 19%)与Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(47.99%)共同主导淀积层厌氧氨氧化菌群,母质层中Candidatus ‘Brocadia fulgida'增至73. 14%,取代Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(13.65%)成为主导种属.另外,相伴随的母质层土壤全细菌群落结构在培养过程中相对比较稳定,以厌氧或兼性厌氧的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占绝对主导(81.84%～95.45%),其中大部分为海洋营生的盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)和希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae).同时厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)在培养过程中出现较明显增长.培养过程中,Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度变化显著正相关(r=0.991,p=0.009),与海洋营生的希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae)的相对丰度变化显著负相关(r=-0.971,p=0.029).综上,本文在一定程度上揭示了水分及盐度的变化对厌氧氨氧化的发生及菌群组成分布的重要影响,进一步拓展了对不同生境中厌氧氨氧化菌生理特性的认识.     

Analysis and improving ways for water condition in winter wheat field of dryland in subhumid areas of the loess plateau

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水肥耦合与旱地农业持续发展

水资源不足及人口增长给农业生产增加了很大压力,寻求开发旱农区相对丰富的土地资源成为满足需求增长的重要方法。文章讨论了旱地农业持续发展的限制因子、旱地水肥关系、水肥耦合效应机理以及水肥耦合对旱地农业持续发展的意义。     

Analysis and improving ways for water condition in winter wheat field of dryland in subhumid areas of the Loess Plateau

Based on the soil moisture data from the locating experiments from 1986—1990, and using the water balance method, the water supply and demand state in the field of winter wheat, and the ways for improving water condition in dryland of dry subhumid area of the Loess Plateau were studied. The results suggested that a low precipitation satisfying ratio of 42.9%—58.8% appears in the growing period of winter wheat, and the yield, to a great extent depended on the water that was stored in deep soil layer in the previous rainy season. The filed trial results showed that tillage in the summer fallow period,straw cover, soil moisture regulation with adequate fertilization, crop rotation and proper cropping system could be the efficient ways for improving the water condition,and for the exploitation and utilization of natural water resources(both precipitation and soil water) in the winter wheat field of dryland.      

Impacts of Debris-Flow Deposits on Hydrogeochemical Processes and the Development of Dryland Salinity in the Cross-River Catchment, SE, Nigeria

This research focuses on the effect of debris-flow on thevarious hydrogeochemical processes occurring at Cross-River as aresult of disposal of industrial and household wastes as well as sewage into the river. It also focuses on development anddetermination of the saline nature of the rivers dry land.The study is carried out by a survey at different depths of theriver for water and soil samples analysis.The results show that concentrations of cations and anionsreasonably high and uniform except for nitrates which is quitehigh due to agricultural activities occurring in the study areas.Also Mg and SO₄ ions are high due to reactions within thecolluvium include ion exchange of calcium for sodium in basalclays; dissolution of sodium chloride from dust – derived saltparticles in the clay-rich colluvium reactions.The Electrical conductive shows that Cross-River containsdissolved solids. Soil analysis indicates the presence of K, Ca,Mg, and Cl. pH values were also deducted from soil samples (6.30–6.45).     

北方旱农区玉米自然降水生产潜力研究

针对我国北方水资源匮乏日益严重的状况,利用CERES-Maize作物模型模拟分析了北方旱区玉米自然降水生产潜力及其时空分布规律。研究表明,我国北方旱区玉米的水分生产潜力大小排序依次是半湿润区>半干旱区>干旱区,半湿润区的玉米自然降水生产潜力大约为11000kg/hm₂,干旱区大约在5000kg/hm₂,但同时半湿润区潜力的年际间波动性也最显著,干旱区则相对较为稳定。我国北方旱区东部的玉米生产潜力高于西部,但南北方向潜力差异不明显。     

Past desertification processes of Minqin Oasis in arid China

Irrigated farming has affected most natural oases in western China since the Han Dynasty employed advanced agricultural techniques in dryland areas. To date, little is documented about the process through which these oases were modified by human systems. In this study, a multi-disciplinary approach incorporating analysis of historical documents, archaeological field surveys, satellite imagery, and GIS data was used to understand desertification processes in the Minqin Basin in Gansu Province, China, over the historical period. Results suggest that initial reclamation efforts around the Minqin Oasis were launched in the Han Dynasty (121 BC–220 AD) and culminated in the Wei and Jin Dynasty (220–420). During the following 800 years from the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–581) to the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), farmland disappeared and became desert when the region was taken over by nomadic people. The second period of intense development occurred in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and was followed by another more aggressive development in the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), which resulted in the largest reclaimed area in history. Oases were constantly reclaimed and subsequently abandoned and desertified over the whole historical period. The causes were complex, but the major cause was related to dynastic transition that often resulted in changes in national policies.