Costs of Arsenic Treatment for Potable Water in California and Comparison to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Affordability Metrics1

Hilkert Colby, Elizabeth J., Thomas M. Young, Peter G. Green, and Jeannie L. Darby, 2010. Costs of Arsenic Treatment for Potable Water in California and Comparison to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Affordability Metrics. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1238–1254. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00488.x Abstract: The United States (U.S.) federal standard for arsenic in potable water systems is only the second water quality standard in which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) administrator used “discretionary authority to establish a less stringent standard” based on the results of cost-benefit analyses. Based on the findings that a “standard of 3 μg/l would be feasible but not justified,” the revised maximum contaminant level (MCL) lowered the allowable arsenic concentration from 50 to 10 μg/l in 2002. In 2009, approximately 145 systems in California were out of compliance. The objectives were to gather performance and cost data from arsenic treatment systems in California to compare with data from the USEPA demonstration sites as well as with the USEPA affordability metrics for drinking water. The median cost of compliance with the revised arsenic MCL for the 36 surveyed systems was $1.95/1,000 gallons (2008 dollars), which is 69% of the average cost of delivered tap water in the U.S. in 2008 ($2.81/1,000 gallons). Additionally, 22% of the surveyed systems in California paid more than the maximum predicted cost of compliance with the revised arsenic MCL ($5.05/1,000 gallons). The largest variation in cost was seen in the systems that treated <500 gpm. For the systems utilizing adsorption, systems obtained between 20 and 80% of the expected bed volumes prior to breakthrough, indicating the need for better prediction of performance.     

基于3S技术的新疆金山金矿开发景观格局动态变化研究

在阐述3S技术特点的基础上,以新疆金山金矿项目研究区为例,介绍了3S技术在景观格局信息提取的技术要求、数据收集和工作流程,并对研究区景观格局的提取结果进行了动态变化预测与分析.实例研究证明,3S技术是景观生态学研究的重要技术工具,应用3S技术开展景观格局动态评价,可以准确、快速地提取景观格局的主要特征指标,掌握景观格局现状、预测其动态变化特征、揭示其变化规律,满足区域景观格局研究的要求.     

Exploring the effects of reductions in krill biomass in the Southern Ocean on blue whales using a state-dependent foraging model

Many species of baleen whales were hunted to near extinction in the Southern Hemisphere. The recovery of these populations will be affected by the availability of krill, a major dietary component, in the Southern Ocean. We combine a novel energetics model for baleen whales with a state dependent foraging model to explore the impacts of an expanding krill fishery on baleen whales. We parameterize the model for blue whales, but with simple modifications it could be applied to most baleen whales. We predict that an expanding fishery will have a small but significant impact on the blue whale population through decreased birth rates. However, spreading the catch limit throughout the range of krill can reduce these effects. In addition, whales may be able to reduce these impacts through adaptive changes in foraging behavior. The relationship between krill abundance and blue whale foraging and reproductive success is nonlinear, such that larger reductions in krill biomass, potentially following a loss of sea ice due to climate change, could have a much larger negative impact on the recovery of blue whales.     

近17年鄱阳湖区景观格局动态变化研究

通过对1989、1999和2006年3期遥感影像进行解译,借助ARCGIS、FRAGSTATS等软件对鄱阳湖区近17年景观格局动态变化进行分析。结果表明：近17年湖区景观空间结构在自然因素和人类活动的影响下发生显著变化。从景观水平上看,湖区整体景观的破碎化程度不断增大,各斑块类型在空间上的分布趋于均匀和分散,景观中斑块的形状渐趋不规则,复杂程度加大。在斑块类型水平上,研究区水体的破碎化程度增加,斑块向着小型化方向发展,斑块之间的结合度降低,形状逐渐变得复杂,水体斑块之间的水力联系减弱;草地和林地的空间结构相对稳定,变化并不显著;耕地虽然是研究区的优势景观类型,但在近17年间,其优势地位被逐渐削弱,破碎化程度也在逐渐加大,斑块形状的规则性降低,各斑块之间的分离性加大;滩地的变化主要受水文情势和泥沙淤积的影响,破碎化程度经历了先加大、后降低的过程,最大斑块面积有所增大;建设用地的变化最为明显,其破碎化程度也有所加大,但斑块间的连接程度相对研究初期有所增加;未利用地是研究区面积最小的景观类型,其景观破碎化程度则有所降低,斑块形状也渐趋简单。     

鼎湖山南亚热带森林生态系统服务价值动态

以鼎湖山3个南亚热带森林演替典型阶段生态系统为对象,采用我国《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721—2008)标准化计算公式与服务价格,量化揭示南亚热带森林生态系统演替过程中生态系统服务功能价值动态。结果表明:随着演替的进行,南亚热带森林生态系统服务功能总价值不断增大;但各分项服务功能价值则表现出不同的动态规律与变化幅度,从而使得森林生态系统服务结构呈现非线性演化特征。在南亚热带森林生态系统演替的早期阶段,生态系统服务价值的最大组分是涵养水源的功能价值,而中、后期则是保育土壤。人工林营造可以有效增强区域生态系统的水源涵养能力,而保育演替中、后期森林则对于大气CO2收和土壤保育而言尤为重要。     

轨道交通运行引起的场地振动实测研究现状

随着快速轨道交通的发展,轨道交通运行所带来的振动影响越来越严重,而已有的轨道交通运行引起的场地振动实测研究,大多集中在列车速度较低的情况下,已无法解决现行问题.本文通过对轨道交通运行引起的场地振动的现场测试进行评述,总结了目前该实测研究中存在的问题,提出尚需进一步研究的建议.今后的研究需综合分析各种因素对地面振动和地基...     

基于动态能力理论的维修综合能力评估研究

基于动态能力理论分析框架,将其与航空公司维修部门的实际情况相结合,提出了将维修综合能力评估分为配置资源的能力与部门拥有的资源上下两个层次的新的结构评估方法。建立了同时具有动态性与能力性的评估指标体系,并将动态能力理论中的过程、定位、路径用于配置资源的能力分析中。通过分析发现这种结合不仅使指标体系的划分拥有了先进的理论依据,而且也克服了传统指标体系研究缺乏动态性与能力性的局限。研究结果表明利用新的评估结构建立的指标体系是可行的,为维修综合能力评估提供了拥有先进理论依据的新思路。     

名山旅游区旅游环境容量动态变化规律研究——以张家界森林公园为例

在研究名山旅游区资源生态系统特点及环境管理现状的基础上,以张家界森林公园为例,对名山旅游区旅游环境容量的各要素伴随名山旅游区旅游业发展所显现的动态变化状况进行研究,探讨其变化规律,为制定合理环境管理容量与环境管理措施提供依据.     

顾及光滑拟合精度的地形曲线采样点布设规则研究

以加权平均抛物线拟合法为例,研究了顾及后期地形曲线光滑模型的采样点布设规则的确定问题.研究表明,对需要光滑拟合处理的地形曲线,除了传统的适当增加冗余采样点(采集质量检测点)外,还需要依据后期的光滑拟合模型,合理规划这些检测点的布点位置,才能有效保障地形曲线的科学采样与高保真重构.     

基于MATLAB的火灾探测报警系统寿命分布和可靠度研究

基于不同的系统可靠性寿命分布类型对应的可靠度模型,介绍4种常见的系统可靠性寿命分布模型的适用情况、特征、规律。根据概率论和数理统计相关理论,研究在MATLAB下判断系统寿命分布模型的方法,利用MATLAB函数对模型参数进行估计,构建系统可靠度模型。并以某商场的火灾探测报警系统作为研究对象,收集一段时间的系统故障数据,运用MATLAB数值分析方法,得出火灾探测报警系统的可靠度模型,找出系统可靠度随使用寿命的变化规律。结果表明:计算得到的商场火灾探测报警系统的可靠度随着使用时间变化规律与实际情况基本吻合。