西安市城市化与生态环境动态关系分析

在全球环境变化背景下,对西安市近20多年的城市化与生态环境水平及其分量进行测度,利用协整检验、格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应函数及方差分解模型,对城市化与生态环境关系进行动态分析。结果显示:研究期间,城市化与生态环境表现出了各自的发展特征,两者经历了同步发展到拮抗的演化过程;城市化发展与生态环境质量、生态环境响应之间互为格兰杰原因关系,而与生态环境压力存在单向的因果关系,与生态环境状态互不为格兰杰因果关系;生态环境综合质量指数和生态环境响应指数的波动一直受到自身及城市化发展的影响,城市化对生态环境响应的冲击作用要显著大于对生态环境综合指数的作用,且两者所受城市化的冲击都表现出逐期增强的态势。最后,针对两者的相互作用机制和目前存在的问题,提出了优化政策和建议。     

喀斯特高原区5种常见灌木叶片δ~(13)C值的季节变化及其对石漠化程度的响应

测定了贵州高原喀斯特石漠化小流域内5种灌木叶片δ13C值的季节变化,旨在探讨季节及石漠化等级对植物叶片δ13C值的影响。结果表明:不同季节间植物叶片δ13C值呈显著差异,生长初期(4月)叶片的δ13C值显著高于生长中后期(7月、9月及12月);5种灌木种种间差异显著,火棘的叶片δ13C值最负,荚蒾的叶片δ13C值最正,粉枝莓,鼠李和竹叶椒的叶片δ13C值居中;7月不同石漠化等级间植物叶片δ13C值存在显著差异,而在其余月份(即4月、9月及12月)不同石漠化等级间植物叶片δ13C值不存在显著差异,但基本呈现无、轻度石漠化植物叶片小于中度石漠化植物叶片δ13C值的格局;整个生长季中,叶片δ13C值与土壤含水量的相关关系研究表明大多数种在大多数时间随土壤水分的减少其δ13C值增高。     

高磷赤铁矿选矿酸性废水处理的试验研究

文章采用自主开发的原位生成型动态膜反应器对高磷赤铁矿选矿酸性废水处理进行了实验研究。实验研究结果表明:选矿酸性废水除磷效果与脱磷剂的投加量、速度梯度(G值)、反应时间及pH等因素有关。对于pH2.25~2.56、含磷50mg/L的模拟选矿废水,最佳反应时间1h,速度梯度(G值)63.6,脱磷剂最佳投加量为11.25g/L,废水脱磷率92.47%。选矿酸性废水处理后出水pH升高,不利于实现废酸全部回用。     

Diurnal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM2:5 in Shanghai, China

Forty-eight daily time interval PM2:5 samples were collected from December 2006 to January 2008 in an urban site in Shanghai, China. Concentrations and compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed with GC-MS to study the diurnal and seasonal variations and to identify the main emitting sources. The diurnal variation of the PAHs concentrations was greater in the late autumn and winter sampling days, and was greatly influenced by meteorological conditions such as wind speed and ambient temperature. The concentration of PAHs in the mornings (6:30–10:00) increased distinctly, and was high in the late autumn and winter sampling days, indicating the contribution from vehicle emissions during rush hours. The diurnal variation of the high molecular weight PAHs did not seem to be controlled by the shift of gas-particle partitioning due to temperature variation, instead, it could be indicative of the variation in the source. Statistical analyses showed that the concentrations of PAHs were negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed, and positively correlated with relative humidity. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggested mixed emission sources of petroleum and coal/biomass combustion for PAHs in the PM2:5 in Shanghai.     

原生态环境下广西涠洲岛近50年气候变率的分析

广西涠洲岛气象站由于其特定的地理位置,使得该站成为广西为数不多、大气观测环境50年来持续保持原有生态环境的气象台站之一。应用该岛屿气象站及与之相邻的广西北海市合浦气象站1956~2005年的气温、雨量等气象资料,分析、比较近50年来北部湾海域气候自然变化和在城镇大规模发展影响下气候变化的差异及发展趋势:用Yamamoto法和Mann-Kendall法对5年滑动平均气温、雨量等要素季和年时间序列进行突变检验,对定量地论述在全球气候变暖情况下区域性气候自然变化的响应有非常重要的意义。     

中国南方红壤丘陵区湖南水环境时空变化研究

以中国南方红壤丘陵区的典型区域-湖南省为例,利用1990～2000年湘、资、沅、澧四水和洞庭湖区重要断面的水质数据,采用综合污染指数方法和污染分担率方法,研究了湖南省水环境质量时空变化特征,并选取1990～2005年经济和废水排放数据,分析了经济因子与废水排放之间的相互关系,建立湖南省废水排放的库兹涅茨曲线模型。研究结果表明,从时间上看,湖南省的总体水环境污染有加重的趋势;从空间上看,水环境质量是从湖南省的西部向东部恶化。在流域和地区对比中,湘江和位于该流域的株洲市最为严重,总氮和汞是湖南省最主要的污染因子;通过环境库兹涅茨曲线模型模拟表明,湖南水环境与经济发展的关系位于环境库兹涅茨曲线上升段。本研究结果对于改善整个湖南省水环境污染状况,以便采取正确的防治策略具有一定的实践意义。     

好氧瞬时供料法合成生物可降解塑料的研究进展

聚羟基烷酯(PHAs)作为一种可以完全生物降解的合成塑料替代品而受到越来越多的关注。好氧瞬时供料法由于高的PHAs合成能力及可利用混合菌群(如活性污泥)和有机废弃物合成PHAs显著降低成本而成为目前最具应用前景的PHAs合成技术。文章阐明了好氧瞬时供料法合成PHAs的代谢机制及工艺过程,并就采用该方法合成PHAs的过程中诸多的影响因素进行分析和探讨。     

岩溶石山区石灰土改良方法及对比试验研究——以广西平果县龙何屯为例

本文以广西平果县龙何屯为例,在系统分析石灰土的特征和障碍因素层次的基础上,探讨石灰土改良的原理和方法。以岩溶动力系统原理为指导,采用平衡施肥和秸秆还土改良石灰土,进行对比试验研究。试验结果表明,平衡施肥改良石灰土,不仅增加作物产量和经济效益,而且提高作物的秸秆产量和残茬量,为进一步改良石灰土提供物质基础。作物秸秆还土改良石灰土具有较高的增产效果和改土培肥效果,并受岩溶作用的制约。不同的秸秆搭配类型和还土方式导致不同的岩溶作用强度,进而导致土壤改良效果的显著差异。各方案改良效果与岩溶作用强度呈显著的正相关,在秸秆搭配类型上,表现为:玉米秸秆+黄豆秸秆+农家肥>玉米秸秆+黄豆秸秆>玉米秸秆+氮肥>玉米秸秆;在还土方式上,表现为:翻压>覆盖。     

High individual variation in pheromone production by tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Aggregation via pheromone signalling is essential for tree-killing bark beetles to overcome tree defenses and reproduce within hosts. Pheromone production is a trait that is linked to fitness, so high individual variation is paradoxical. One explanation is that the technique of measuring static pheromone pools overestimates true variation among individuals. An alternative hypothesis is that aggregation behaviour dilutes the contribution of individuals to the trait under selection and reduces the efficacy of natural selection on pheromone production by individuals. We compared pheromone measurements from traditional hindgut extractions of female southern pine beetles with those obtained by aerating individuals till they died. Aerations showed greater total pheromone production than hindgut extractions, but coefficients of variation (CV) remained high (60-182%) regardless of collection technique. This leaves the puzzle of high variation unresolved. A novel but simple explanation emerges from considering bark beetle aggregation behaviour. The phenotype visible to natural selection is the collective pheromone plume from hundreds of colonisers. The influence of a single beetle on this plume is enhanced by high variation among individuals but constrained by large group sizes. We estimated the average contribution of an individual to the pheromone plume across a range of aggregation sizes and showed that large aggregation sizes typical in mass attacks limit the potential of natural selection because each individual has so little effect on the overall plume. Genetic variation in pheromone production could accumulate via mutation and recombination, despite strong effects of the pheromone plume on the fitness of individuals within the aggregation. Thus, aggregation behaviour, by limiting the efficacy of natural selection, can allow the persistence of extreme phenotypes in nature.     

生态水泥胶砂块中重金属的动态浸出行为研究

采取酸性浸取剂更新条件下的动态浸出实验方法,研究了生态水泥胶砂块所制3种样品(细粒样、粗粒样、块状样)中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等7种重金属的浸出行为.结果表明,除Cd始终未检出外其他重金属均有浸出,同种样品中以Cr的浸出率为最高,同种重金属的浸出率均表现出细粒样＞粗粒样＞块状样的趋势.根据Fick定律做出各重金属的累积浸出分数Pt与t1/2的关系曲线,其在浸出进行段线性良好,表明浸出过程受扩散控制;对同种金属,有效扩散系数Deff体现出块状样＞粗粒样＞细粒样的趋势,说明较大尺寸块体的浸出过程完成得相对较快.各种重金属的Deff值普遍很低,均在10-10 cm2/s数量级左右,说明水泥固化体中重金属的浸出是缓慢而长期的过程.