泉州市大气降尘中金属元素污染特征及来源解析

测定了泉州市不同功能区大气降尘中23种金属元素的含量,采用多种方法对其富集程度、污染水平及生态风险进行评价,并用多元统计分析法结合Pb、Sr同位素示踪对污染来源进行解析.结果表明:泉州市大气降尘中不同金属含量空间分布差异较大;富集因子和地累积指数表明,Cd、Hg、Zn、Ca、Pb、Cu、Ni、Sr的富集程度及污染水平相对较高;生态风险指数显示,所有功能区的多元素综合潜在生态风险程度极高,由高到低顺序为工业区交通繁忙区商业区居住区风景区农业区;Cd和Hg的潜在生态危害程度极高,二者对综合潜在生态风险指数的贡献达95.56%.多元统计分析结果表明,V、Fe、Ba、Bi、Ni、Sr、Pb、Cs、Sc、Zn、Cd主要来源于工业污染和交通排放,Th、U、Rb、Y、Ti主要来源于土壤尘,Li、Mn、Cu、Hg、Cr、Co、Ca主要来源于燃煤.铅同位素三元混合模型计算得到降尘中铅来源主要为土壤母质(29.41%~64.00%)、燃煤尘(22.53%~60.48%)和汽车尾气(3.13%~13.47%);87Sr/86Sr和1/Sr分布图显示降尘中锶来源主要为燃煤尘和汽车尾气.     

闽江感潮河段夏秋季涨落潮河水稳定同位素（N/D/O-18）组成特征解析

流域氮污染的稳定同位素表征和溯源对于保障流域污染防控和用水安全具有重要意义,本文通过对感潮河段夏、秋季涨落潮主要断面硝态氮（NO₃^-）及稳定同位素(δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-、δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-、δD-H₂O和δ¹⁸O-H₂O)组成特征测定及沿线小流域的氮污染入河量测算,探讨了陆域氮排放和水体交换对感潮河段稳定同位素的影响.研究表明：（1）落潮、涨潮期NO₃^-均为“秋季>夏季”,δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-夏、秋两季组成特征基本相近.落潮期δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-为“夏季>秋季”,涨潮期则相反.同季节的NO₃^-及其同位素总体呈“涨潮期>落...     

Seasonal and Flood‐Induced Variations in Groundwater–Surface Water Exchange in a Northern Coldwater Fishery

Groundwater upwelling is important to coldwater fisheries survival. This study used stable isotopes to identify upwelling zones within a watershed, then combined isotope analyses with reach‐scale monitoring to measure surface water–groundwater exchange over time. Research focused on Amity Creek, Minnesota, a basin that exemplifies conditions limiting coldwater species survival along Lake Superior's North Shore where shallow bedrock limits groundwater capacity, lowering baseflows and increasing temperatures. Groundwater‐fed reaches were identified through synoptic isotope sampling, with results highlighting the importance of isolated shallow surficial aquifers (glacially derived sands and gravels) for providing cold baseflow waters. In an alluvial reach, monitoring well results show groundwater was stored in two reservoirs: one that reacts quickly to changes in stream levels, and one that remained isotopically isolated under most flow conditions, but which helps sustain summer baseflows for weeks to months. A 500‐year flood demonstrated the capacity of high‐flow events to alter surface water–groundwater connectivity. The previously isolated reservoir was exchanged or mixed during the flood pulse, while incision lowered the water table for years. The results here provide insight for streams that lack substantial groundwater inputs yet maintain coldwater species at risk in a warming climate and an approach for managers seeking to protect cold baseflow sources.     

喀斯特小流域黄壤硫同位素组成特征——对环境过程和效应的指示

用连续提取方法分析了黄壤中总硫、SO₄^2-、总还原态硫（TRS）和有机硫的硫同位素组成,探讨黄壤中硫的迁移转化过程及其环境效应.有机硫是主要的硫形态,SO₄^2-是主要的无机硫形态.TRS具有最低的δ³⁴S值,同时SO₄^2-和TRS的δ³⁴S值随剖面加深而平行地增大指示黄壤中存在SO₄^2-异化还原过程.黄壤剖面中总硫和有机硫的δ³⁴S值先增大后降低与有机硫矿化及有机硫组分的迁移和底层吸附有关.生物滞留后剩余SO₄^2-的吸附、解吸、淋溶迁移及深层吸附与累积导致剖面中SO₄^2-的δ³⁴S值先增大后明显降低.酸沉降下剖面中SO₄^2-的吸附、解吸和淋溶迁移可引起黄壤酸化.值得关注的是,酸沉降输入的SO₄^2-主要以有机硫和吸附态SO₄^2-滞留在黄壤中,则在硫的年沉降速率大幅降低后,在较长时期内,黄壤中有机硫矿化和吸附态SO₄^2-解吸可能释放大量SO₄^2-进入地表和地下水体,与之相关的土壤理化性质变化和水体化学组成改变等方面的环境效应值得关注.     

碳氮氧同位素解析典型岩溶流域地下水中硝酸盐来源与归趋

利用多同位素（C、N和O）和水化学方法解析贵州八步地下河流域水体中硝酸盐（NO₃^-）来源与转化过程,利用SIAR模型定量计算NO₃^-不同输入端的贡献比例.结果表明,研究区地下水NO₃^-污染严重,近38%的地下水样品NO₃^-超过饮用水限值.地下水的δ¹⁵N-NO₃值介于2.3‰~30.33‰,均值9.68‰,δ¹⁸O-NO₃值介于2.65‰~13.73‰,均值6.64‰,δ¹⁸O-H₂O值介于-8.83‰~-7.37‰,均值-8.18‰.同位素组成（δ¹⁵N-NO₃、δ¹⁸O-NO₃和δ¹⁸O-H₂O）指示硝化作用主导着流域内氮素循环.硝化作用产生的硝酸加速了碳酸盐岩溶解,导致地下水中δ¹³C_DIC与δ¹⁵N-NO₃存在显著负相关性（P<0.001）,说明δ¹³C_DIC与δ¹⁵N-NO₃相结合是判断岩溶水中NO₃^-转化的有效手段.地下水和地表水中NO₃^-主要来源于土壤氮、粪肥污水和铵态氮肥料,其对地下水中NO₃^-贡献率分别为36.19%、33.71%和30.1%,对地表水贡献率分别为39.15%、36.08%和24.77%.岩溶流域内污水处理应同时去除污水中的NO₃^-和NH₄⁺,农业区应科学施肥,以有效降低地下水中NO₃^-的补给通量.     

Testing the Established Hydrogeologic Model of Source Water to the Amargosa River Basin,Inyo and San Bernardino Counties,California

The current conceptual hydrogeologic model established for source water to the Amargosa River was tested in order to help inform management decisions regarding the Amargosa River's Federal designation as Wild and Scenic through an Act of Congress. The limited availability of water in this region results in the critical need for effective management in the basin to maintain its Wild and Scenic attributes inclusive of habitat for several endangered and threatened species. The use of forensic tools and integration of multiple lines of geologic, hydrogeologic, geochemical, and stable isotopic evidence suggest that the simple historical model for primary groundwater transport through this region is incorrect and that a large supply of regional baseflow does not provide the hydrogeological foundation of the Amargosa River basin. Data collected is consistent with an alternative model requiring complex source mixing and shallow alluvial groundwater that supports river flow. This conclusion also suggests Wild and Scenic conditions in this basin are more precarious than previously understood.     

Historical nitrogen content of bryophyte tissue as an indicator of increased nitrogen deposition in the Cape Metropolitan Area, South Africa

Information on changes in precipitation chemistry in the rapidly expanding Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA) of South Africa is scarce. To obtain a long-term record of N deposition we investigated changes in moss foliar N, C:N ratios and nitrogen isotope values that might reflect precipitation chemistry. Tissue from 9 species was obtained from herbarium specimens collected between 1875 and 2000 while field samples were collected in 2001/2002. There is a strong trend of increasing foliar N content in all mosses collected over the past century (1.32-1.69 %N). Differences exist between ectohydric mosses which have higher foliar N than the mixohydric group. C:N ratios declined while foliar δ¹⁵N values showed no distinct pattern. From relationships between moss tissue N and N deposition rates we estimated an increase of 6-13 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ since 1950. Enhanced N deposition rates of this magnitude could lead to biodiversity losses in native ecosystems.     

Measuring the radium quartet (Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra) in seawater samples using gamma spectrometry

Radium isotopes are widely used in marine studies (eg. to trace water masses, to quantify mixing processes or to study submarine groundwater discharge). While ²²⁸Ra and ²²⁶Ra are usually measured using gamma spectrometry, short-lived Ra isotopes (²²⁴Ra and ²²³Ra) are usually measured using a Radium Delayed Coincidence Counter (RaDeCC). Here we show that the four radium isotopes can be analyzed using gamma spectrometry. We report ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²³Ra activities measured using low-background gamma spectrometry in standard samples, in water samples collected in the vicinity of our laboratory (La Palme and Vaccarès lagoons, France) but also in seawater samples collected in the plume of the Amazon river, off French Guyana (AMANDES project). The ²²³Ra and ²²⁴Ra activities determined in these samples using gamma spectrometry were compared to the activities determined using RaDeCC. Activities determined using the two techniques are in good agreement. Uncertainties associated with the ²²⁴Ra activities are similar for the two techniques. RaDeCC is more sensitive for the detection of low ²²³Ra activities. Gamma spectrometry thus constitutes an alternate method for the determination of short-lived Ra isotopes.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Synthesis of isotopically modified ZnO nanoparticles and their potential as nanotoxicity tracers

Understanding the behavior of engineered nanoparticles in the environment and within organisms is perhaps the biggest obstacle to the safe development of nanotechnologies. Reliable tracing is a particular issue for nanoparticles such as ZnO, because Zn is an essential element and a common pollutant thus present at elevated background concentrations. We synthesized isotopically enriched (89.6%) with a rare isotope of Zn (⁶⁷Zn) ZnO nanoparticles and measured the uptake of ⁶⁷Zn by L. stagnalis exposed to diatoms amended with the particles. Stable isotope technique is sufficiently sensitive to determine the uptake of Zn at an exposure equivalent to lower concentration range (<15 μg g⁻¹). Without a tracer, detection of newly accumulated Zn is significant at Zn exposure concentration only above 5000 μg g⁻¹ which represents some of the most contaminated Zn conditions. Only by using a tracer we can study Zn uptake at a range of environmentally realistic exposure conditions.