店埠河流域地表水-地下水水化学特征及其成因分析

巢湖是我国水污染防治的重点水体,但近年来一直处于较高的富营养化水平.以巢湖二级支流店埠河流域内的地表水和地下水为研究对象,测试不同水体水化学组成和氢氧同位素值,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法,分析其季节性和空间变化特征,探讨地表水和地下水的水化学特征和形成机制.结果表明,①大气降水是店埠河流域地表水和地下水的主要补给来源,地表水的蒸发分馏效应比地下水更显著.不同时期,地表水比地下水更富集氢氧稳定同位素.地表水和地下水中氢氧稳定同位素均呈季节性变化特征,丰水期相对富集,枯水期相对贫化.②店埠河流域地表水和地下水均为弱碱性水,地表水中各离子浓度明显小于地下水,地表水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,地下水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,水体中的优势阴离子均为HCO₃^-.地表水的水化学类型以HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca型水为主,地下水以HCO₃-Na·Ca型水为主.③地表水和地下水主要水化学指标浓度具有一定的时空差异性.从丰水期到枯水期,地表水中TDS、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度整体呈现上升趋势.地下水中Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度整体变化不大,略有增加趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度整体呈上升趋势.从上游到下游,地表水中主要水化学指标浓度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,NO₃^-浓度增幅最大.地下水在径流方向上主要水化学指标浓度整体变化不大,但呈现出排泄区大于补给区的规律.④水体水化学特征的形成主要受水-岩作用控制,同时还受到人为因素影响.水-岩作用主要为硅酸盐岩、盐岩和碳酸盐岩等矿物的风化溶解.污水处理厂污水、生活污水和粪肥等污染物已明显改变了局部水体的水化学特征.⑤与2016年相比,地表水中的NO₃^-浓度已有不同程度地减少,当地政府进行的氮污染控制工作已取得一定成效,但仍需在店埠河下游、部分支流（定光河和马桥河）和部分居民点加强对污水及粪肥的污染防控.     

湘江流域岳麓山周边地区不同水体中氢氧稳定同位素特征及相互关系

不同水体中稳定同位素的差异性组成对认识区域水文过程,如水体的补给机制、不同水体间的相互作用具有重要意义。论文基于2010—2013年湘江流域岳麓山周边地区降水、地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水中δD和δ¹⁸O的逐日数据及相关气象资料,分析了不同水体中稳定同位素的组成,揭示了不同水稳定同位素间的相互作用关系。结果表明：地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水中δD和δ¹⁸O对日降水中δD和δ¹⁸O的响应存在时滞,地表水和浅层土壤水的滞后时间较短,地下水的滞后时间较长;在天气尺度下,降水中δD和δ¹⁸O存在很好的线性关系,二者的相关系数达0.98;地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水中δD和δ¹⁸O的线性相关系数分别为0.95、0.90和0.90,均超过0.001的信度;在δD-δ¹⁸O关系中,地表水水线（SWL）、浅层土壤水水线（SSWL）和地下水水线（GWL）的斜率及截距都小于长沙大气水线（LMWL）,表明降水是区域地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水的主要补给水源,且在补给过程中,存在一定程度的蒸发,同时与其他水体存在混合交换作用;在季节尺度下,同一水体的水线斜率与截距具有正比关系,即斜率越大,截距越大;但LMWL斜率和截距的关系存在季节和年际的差异;对比同一类水线旱雨季的斜率,仅有LMWL的斜率旱季小于雨季,反映出旱季干燥的大气条件下,降落雨滴云下二次蒸发强烈的特点。     

基于原位试验场的融雪水补给地下水过程研究

基于原位试验场地,本研究通过对土壤含水率、温度和地下水位、温度、电导率的测量,分析了2017年2月～5月长春市融雪水补给地下水过程,并运用氢氧稳定同位素技术对补给过程进行证明。结果表明,当地大气降水线为δD=7. 53δ~(18)O-3. 41(R~2=0. 76)。在δD-δ~(18)O关系图中,地下水各水样点主要分布在当地大气降水线附近,说明地下水主要受融雪水补给。融雪水对地下水的主要补给时间为气温保持在0℃左右的20余天内,地下水位上升幅度能达到0. 6 m。在此阶段,地下水位与地下水温度和电导率具有显著相关性,相关系数均在0. 9以上。之后由于春季工农业用水增加,水位开始下降。在整个过程中,融雪水对地下水的贡献率为20. 1%。黄土地层的田间持水率约为39%。     

Trace elements and stable isotopes (delta13C and delta15N) in shallow and deep-water organisms from the East China Sea

Trace elements (22) and stable isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) were analyzed in marine organisms from shallow (SW) and deep-water (DW) of the East China Sea to understand biomagnification and prey source of trace elements. In the benthic marine organisms from DW, δ¹⁵N values were negatively correlated with Ba, Cu, Ag, Mo, Sr, As, and Co concentrations. This may be due to the specific accumulation in lower trophic animals and/or the biodilution through the food web in DW. Relationships between δ¹⁵N and concentrations of Co, Cr, Bi, and Tl in fish and Ag, Bi, V, Hg, and Tl in crustaceans showed positive correlations, suggesting that trophic position was affecting the concentrations of those elements in phyla, with higher trophic animals retaining higher concentrations than the lower trophic animals. Positive correlations between δ¹³C and Rb were observed in marine organisms. Therefore, Rb may be a possible substitute of δ¹³C as tracer of prey source in the East China Sea although further investigation is required.     

水汽源区变化对黄河中游降水稳定同位素的影响

利用黄河中游地区9个站点的降水同位素数据,分析其时空分布特征及环境效应,并模拟代表站点的气团运移轨迹,利用OLR技术研究水汽源区变化及输送过程对夏半年降水稳定同位素的影响。结果表明：δ¹⁸O有着较为明显的季节性变化规律,春夏较低,秋冬较高;空间分布则呈由东南向西北升高的趋势。大气降水线方程表现出明显的过渡性区位特征,降水量效应较为显著。水汽主要通过西北与东南两个水汽通道输送,东向水汽与青藏高原的热力、动力性质对流域的水源差异产生了较大影响。水汽源区变化与对流层中上部水汽含量场都与稳定同位素特征有着较强的对应关系,8、9月形成于西太平洋的热带辐合带（ITCZ）使东南季风成为夏季黄河中游地区主要的水汽输送通道。     

Distribution of uranium isotopes in surface water of the Llobregat river basin (Northeast Spain)

A study is presented on the distribution of ²³⁴U, ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U isotopes in surface water of the Llobregat river basin (Northeast Spain), from 2001 to 2006. Sixty-six superficial water samples were collected at 16 points distributed throughout the Llobregat river basin. Uranium isotopes were measured by alpha spectrometry (PIPS detectors). The test procedure was validated according to the quality requirements of the ISO17025 standard. The activity concentration for the total dissolved uranium ranges from 20 to 261 mBq L⁻¹. The highest concentrations of uranium were detected in an area with formations of sedimentary rock, limestone and lignite. A high degree of radioactive disequilibrium was noted among the uranium isotopes. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio varied between 1.1 and 1.9 and the waters with the lowest uranium activity registered the highest level of ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio. Correlations between uranium activity in the tested water and chemical and physical characteristics of the aquifer were found.     

Changes in nutrient content and stable isotope ratios of C and N during decomposition of seagrasses and mangrove leaves along a nutrient availability gradient in Florida Bay,USA

The decomposition of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle and the seagrass Thalassia testudinum was examined using litterbags along a natural gradient in nutrient availability. Seagrass leaves had a higher fraction of their biomass in the labile pool (57%), compared to mangrove leaves (36%) and seagrass rhizomes (29%); the overall decomposition rates of the starting material reflected the fractionation into labile and refractory components. There was no relationship between the N or P content of the starting material and the decomposition rate.

Nutrient availability had no influence on decomposition rate, and mass was lost at the same rate from litterbags that were buried in the sediment and litterbags that were left on the sediment surface. The dynamics of N and P content during decomposition varied as a function of starting material and burial state. N content of decomposing mangrove leaves increased, but seagrass rhizomes decreased in N content during decomposition while there was no change in seagrass leaf N content. These same general patterns held for P content, but buried seagrass leaves increased in P content while surficial leaves decreased. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N changed by as much as 2‰ during decomposition.     

Geological emission of methane from the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China

A static flux chamber method was applied to study natural emissions of methane into the atmosphere in the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China. Using an online method, which couples a gas chromatography/high-temperature conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/MS) together, the 13C/12C ratios of methane in the flux chambers were measured. The results demonstrated that methane gases were liable to migrate from deep oil/gas reservoir to the surface through microseepage and p...     

Evaluation of ecological network analysis: Validation of output

Ecological network analysis (ENA) is a modeling approach increasingly being used to evaluate food webs and provide an ecosystem-based approach to resource management. Unfortunately, validation of ENA output is rarely performed. This study represents part of a larger effort to critically evaluate ENA. Here we validate ENA output using stable isotope analysis (SIA), and where validation is not met, determine the effects of modifying trophic networks to reflect validation.     

Isotope tracing of submarine groundwater discharge offshore Ubatuba, Brazil: results of the IAEA–UNESCO SGD project

Results of groundwater and seawater analyses for radioactive (³H, ²²²Rn, ²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²⁸Ra) and stable (D and ¹⁸O) isotopes are presented together with in situ spatial mapping and time series ²²²Rn measurements in seawater, direct seepage measurements using manual and automated seepage meters, pore water investigations using different tracers and piezometric techniques, and geoelectric surveys probing the coast. This study represents first time that such a new complex arsenal of radioactive and non-radioactive tracer techniques and geophysical methods have been used for simultaneous submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) investigations. Large fluctuations of SGD fluxes were observed at sites situated only a few meters apart (from 0 cm d⁻¹ to 360 cm d⁻¹; the unit represents cm³/cm²/day), as well as during a few hours (from 0 cm d⁻¹ to 110 cm d⁻¹), strongly depending on the tidal fluctuations. The average SGD flux estimated from continuous ²²²Rn measurements is 17 ± 10 cm d⁻¹. Integrated coastal SGD flux estimated for the Ubatuba coast using radium isotopes is about 7 × 10³ m³ d⁻¹ per km of the coast. The isotopic composition (δD and δ¹⁸O) of submarine waters was characterised by significant variability and heavy isotope enrichment, indicating that the contribution of groundwater in submarine waters varied from a small percentage to 20%. However, this contribution with increasing offshore distance became negligible. Automated seepage meters and time series measurements of ²²²Rn activity concentration showed a negative correlation between the SGD rates and tidal stage. This is likely caused by sea level changes as tidal effects induce variations of hydraulic gradients. The geoelectric probing and piezometric measurements contributed to better understanding of the spatial distribution of different water masses present along the coast. The radium isotope data showed scattered distributions with offshore distance, which imply that seawater in a complex coast with many small bays and islands was influenced by local currents and groundwater/seawater mixing. This has also been confirmed by a relatively short residence time of 1–2 weeks for water within 25 km offshore, as obtained by short-lived radium isotopes. The irregular distribution of SGD seen at Ubatuba is a characteristic of fractured rock aquifers, fed by coastal groundwater and recirculated seawater with small admixtures of groundwater, which is of potential environmental concern and has implications on the management of freshwater resources in the region.