海面上升影响山地海岸的两种机制及对策——以山东半岛东北部为例

根据距今4000a以来海面波动与河谷地貌、海岸地貌发育之间的关系,未来海面上升有可能导致入海河流发生溯源堆积,使河床纵剖面发生调整,海面上升在导致某些岸段蚀退的同时,还有可能使某些岸段的海淤进;河流溯源堆积导致的入海泥沙减少,可能使原有海岸蚀退加剧．对海面上升可能给山地海岸资源与环境带来的影响,建议加强观测与研究,进行合理规划与管理,并采取必要的工程措施．     

东洞庭湖湿地鸟类群落组成分析

2005年7月至2006年7月期间对东洞庭湖湿地鸟类进行了调查,共观察记录到208种,隶属于16目43科,同时对鸟类的区系组成、居留型、生态类型及重点保护鸟类进行了分析.图3,表3,参4.     

‘Coastal squeeze’— an historical perspective

The use of salt marsh for agricultural use has probably been going on for thousands of years. This paper will look at the situation in southeast England, particularly the Wash. Here enclosure for extended grazing and over the last several hundred years, for arable cultivation, may have taken place since Roman Times. An enclosure of Freiston Shore salt marsh (1979) and a proposed further enclosure at Gedney Drove End at about the same time raised concerns about the cumulative effect of these developments on nature conservation interests. These concerns prompted the nature conservation agencies to oppose the Gedney Drove End enclosure. Though the conservation argument did not persuade the Government that no further enclosure should take place, economic circumstances changed such that the pressure for the creation of new agricultural land diminished. This marked the end of ‘reclamation’ in the Wash. Since then, in the UK at least, there have been no further enclosures of salt marsh for agriculture. What were the arguments that lead to this change? Up to this point the perceived wisdom, in the Wash at least, was that as enclosure took place new inter-tidal land was created to seaward— with no net loss of inter-tidal land. Today we accept that this is not the case and a policy of managed re-alignment has increasingly been adopted in England, at sites ranging from the Porlock shingle ridge in north Devon to the salt marshes of Freiston in the Wash. It is argued that recognition of ‘coastal squeeze’ probably began in the Wash some 20 years ago. It would appear that we are now witnessing a reversal of this trend. How far will it take us? Will we see a return of the large expanses of tidal swamp around the Wash and elsewhere along the southern North Sea coast? Is this an inevitable consequence of global warming? This paper provides an historical perspective of the issues and arguments that have led us to recognize ‘coastal squeeze’ and the importance of dynamic coast, including the European Commission’s ‘EURosion Project’, which reported in 2004 (Salman et al. 2004).     

莱州湾南岸平原浅埋古河道带及冲洪积扇地下水水环境

通过野外实地调查和水化学监测,将莱州湾南岸平原浅埋古河道带及冲只扇浅层地下水水化学环境分为３大区域,即北部的全咸水区,中部的咸淡水过渡区和南部的全淡水区,在３个系统的浅埋古河道带风的全淡水我,仍有水化学特征的南北向差异,浅层地下水水化学特征具有年内及年际变化规律。     

Sea-level rise and coastal vulnerability: an assessment of Andhra Pradesh coast,India through remote sensing and GIS

The eustatic sea-level rise due to global warming is predicted to be about 18 to 59 cm by the 2100 (IPCC 2007), which necessitates identification and protection of vulnerable sections of coasts. Assessment of vulnerability level of Andhra Pradesh (AP) coast as an example is demonstrated in this study using five physical variables, namely coastal geomorphology, coastal slope, shoreline change, mean spring tide range, and significant wave height. A coastal vulnerability index was prepared by integrating the differentially weighted rank values of the five variables, based on which the coastline is segmented into low-, moderate-, high-, and very high risk categories. About 43% of the 1,030-km-long AP coast is under very high-risk, followed by another 35% under high-risk if the sea level rises by ~0.6 m displacing more than 1.29 million people living within 2.0 m elevation in 282 villages in the region.     

景观生态学方法在规划环境影响评价中的应用 ——以大连森林公园东区规划环境影响评价为例

在综合考虑各种社会经济影响因素的基础上,从景观格局、景观功能、景观受胁迫性等3方面构建评价指标体系,并据此开展规划实施的景观生态影响综合评价.利用计算机模型模拟各种规划替代方案的景观格局动态,并通过分析景观格局指数的变化实现对规划替代方案的比选,建立起规划环评中景观生态学方法应用的技术框架,进而应用于大连森林公园东区建设规划环境影响评价.研究结果表明,规划的实施有利于区域景观格局和功能的改善,但会导致人类对景观干扰和胁迫加重.采用以旅游经济为主导型方案(替代方案1),景观破碎化趋势明显;以生态优先主导型方案(替代方案2),景观向整合集约化趋势发展.     

沿海生态旅游资源评价指标及尺度研究——以江苏沿海为例

旅游资源评价是生态旅游研究的主要内容之一,尺度选取和指标建立是评价的关键。从生态旅游的角度出发,筛选体现沿海湿地类型、生态环境、旅游期望值、海洋文化以及开发程度等项目的一系列指标,综合构建沿海生态旅游资源评价指标体系。运用景观生态学理论,文章提出了沿海生态旅游资源(景观)评价的时空尺度、自然人文理性尺度以及数理统计尺度。在此基础上,运用层次分析法对江苏沿海生态旅游资源的吸引力、开发潜力和综合价值进行定性和定量评价,并探讨了发展江苏沿海生态旅游的策略。     

东北区夏季低温冷害的长期预报

利用东北区三大站(沈阳、长春、哈尔滨)50年(1951-2000年)夏季平均气温、前冬和夏季500hPa高度场、距平场及副高面积指数和海温场资料,对东北夏季低温冷害的环流特征进行了分析,建立了东北区夏季低温冷害预报模式;用春季高度距平平均场建立了夏季低温冷害天气预报模型。结果表明,东北区低温冷害与冬季副高面积指数及500 hPa乌拉尔山附近的高度值呈正相关,与冬季西风漂流区附近(40°~45°N,160°~150°N)海温场呈反相关;所建方程及模式预报拟合率和预报准确率都比较高,且可提前3个月左右进行预报。     

河北沿岸春季和夏季的浮游动物

2004年春季(5月)和夏季(8月)用浅海I型I、I型标准浮游生物网在河北沿岸22 km以内近岸海域进行了浮游动物生态调查。结果显示,春季仅记录37种浮游动物,而夏季记录60种浮游动物。浮游动物总生物量以春季为高,平均为886 mg/m3;夏季为低,平均为234 mg/m3。中华哲水蚤,腹针胸刺水蚤,双毛纺锤水蚤为春季优势种;强壮箭虫,小拟哲水蚤,拟长腹剑水蚤为夏季优势种。     

河北近岸海域营养盐分布状况与评价

2004年5月和8月对河北海域进行了两次调查,布设了16个段面70多个站位。对该海域水质进行了无机氮、无机磷、COD、DO等项监测。本文对两次调查结果进行了分析和评价,结果表明,河北海域无机氮和无机磷的含量由北向南逐渐升高,接近天津海域含量达到最高。8月份监测结果普遍高于5月份,断面调查结果均显示营养盐主要来自于陆源。采用有机污染指数和富营养化指数计算结果表明,M断面5月份开始受到污染,8月份受到严重污染,富营养化程度5月份L、M断面E>1,其他各断面E<1,8月份K、L、M、N、O、P断面E>1,其他各断面E<1。