Haloacetic acids in the aquatic environment. Part II: ecological risk assessment

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are environmental contaminants found in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world as a result of both anthropogenic and natural production. The ecological risk posed by these compounds to organisms in freshwater environments, with a specific focus on aquatic macrophytes, was characterized. The plants evaluated were Lemna gibba, Myriophyllum spicatum and M. sibiricum and the HAAs screened were monochloroacetic acid (MCA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and chlorodifluoroacetic acid (CDFA). Laboratory toxicity data formed the basis of the risk assessment, but field studies were also utilized. The estimated risk was calculated using hazard quotients (HQ), as well as effect measure distributions (EMD) in a modified probabilistic ecological risk assessment. EMDs were used to estimate HAA thresholds of toxicity for use in HQ assessments. This threshold was found to be a more sensitive measure of low toxicity than the no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) or the effective concentration (EC10). Using both deterministic and probabilistic methods, it was found that HAAs do not pose a significant risk to freshwater macrophytes at current environmental concentrations in Canada, Europe or Africa for both single compound and mixture exposures. Still, HAAs are generally found as mixtures and their potential interactions are not fully understood, rendering this phase of the assessment uncertain and justifying further effects characterization. TCA in some environments poses a slight risk to phytoplankton and future concentrations of TFA and CDFA are likely to increase due to their recalcitrant nature, warranting continued environmental surveillance of HAAs.     

Detection of organic pollutants in sandy soils via TDR and eigendecomposition

In this study, organic pollutants in sandy soils are detected using a time domain relectrometry (TDR) probe system and eigendecomposition technique. As a demonstration, four types of organic fluids (motor oil, diesel oil, methanol and ethanol) were examined. Samples were prepared with different combinations of deionized water and organic fluid contents. For each experiment, reflected signals were captured by an oscilloscope, and their characteristics were identified using eigendecomposition technique. Autoregressive modeling and singular value decomposition methods were utilized for calculating the eigenvalues. The most significant eigenvalues were then identified based on their relative magnitude. Experimental results indicated that the presented system is sensitive to both water and pore fluid organic contents. For saturated conditions, signature curves were determined for identification of organic and/or water contents in soil pore fluids.     

各种影响因子对电解法预处理医药废水的影响研究

探讨了电解法预处理医药废水时停留时间、电解电压、废水初始浓度、温度和废水pH值等影响因子对去除色度、COD和提高废水可生化性等处理效果的影响，并考察了其应用于工业实际废水处理的可行性。实验结果表明：电解法更适合高浓度医药废水的处理，色度的去除率可达到90％以上；电解时间宜控制在40-60min；电解电压越高，废水COD和色度去除效果越好；在实验温度范围内，温度对色度和COD去除率的影响不大；废水pH值为7．5时电解效果最佳，工程运用宜控制在6—9之间。     

总氮测定中的注意事项

碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定总氮中，对空白值偏高的影响因素进行了实验和分析，提出了几点建议及改进措施。     

抚河流域水生态环境恢复措施初探

论述了江西省抚河流域的概况、水生态环境的现状及存在的问题，包括淤泥的堆积、水土的流失、水污染、沿岸防洪圩堤标准偏低等问题,并提出了流域水生态环境恢复的目标，以及针对恢复目标提出了水权分配、水土保持治理、水工程治理、水质治理等方面的初步措施与建议。     

可持续发展的"零排放"生态城市模式初探

20世纪90年代初,联合国大学提出"零排放"概念,将可持续发展理论进一步深化.本文在研究循环经济、"零排放"农业、"零排放"工业的基础上,对"零排放"概念进行扩展,首次提出"零排放"生态城市模式的构想,这是一种有利于环境、资源与经济协调发展的绿色生活、工作、生产和消费方式.     

浅水湖泊水生植物适宜生物量评估方法的探讨

总结了水生植物对湖泊生态系统的影响、水生植物生物量控制与收割管理的研究,分析了目前浅水富营养化湖泊恢复过程中水生植物生物量确定方法的不足;立足于水生植物生长特点,提出了基于湖泊生态模型的浅水湖泊大型水生植物在生长期和衰亡期的适宜生物量评估方法的研究框架,本文可为指导湖泊生态修复工程及其后续维护,为完善健康湖泊的综合评价标准和湖泊生态修复理论提供科学支撑.     

利用分子信标和EXO III放大荧光信号快速检测Ag+

设计新型的DNA探针,其主要功能区域包含适配体区域和分子信标互补区域;当无靶标存在时,羧基荧光素（FAM）的荧光被黑洞猝灭基团（BHQ）猝灭,加入靶标后,Ag⁺与适配体区域特异性结合,使得分子信标与其互补区域发生结合,加入EXO Ⅲ后,分子信标被酶解,从而释放Ag⁺/DNA探针复合物用于下一轮反应,同时产生大量的FAM,因此,可以通过荧光的增强来定量检测靶标的含量.评价了该方法的灵敏度和选择性,探究它在实际样品中的表现能力.结果表明,适配体区域与分子信标间隔2个碱基的DNA探针与分子信标结合效果最好,检测的信噪比最大.该方法对Ag⁺的检测最低下限（LOD）为0.1nmol/L,在0.5~200nmol/L范围内,荧光值与靶标浓度成线性关系（R²=0.994）.对实际样品的检测在20~200nmol/L范围内呈线性关系（R²=0.998）,且能很好的从混合样品中区分10nmol/L Ag⁺.该研究建立的快速检测Ag⁺方法具有良好的线性定量能力和操作性能,且灵敏度高、特异性强,可满足现实的需求.     

新乡市镉污染土壤细菌群落组成及其对镉固定效果

重金属污染土壤中具有丰富的微生物群落组成,为生物修复提供了微生物资源.本研究以新乡市某电池厂周边Cd污染土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序和平板分离方法分析其细菌群落组成.传统培养方法表明新乡市重金属污染土壤细菌由厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门这4个门,芽孢杆菌属、节杆菌属和根瘤菌属等30个属组成;高通量测序表明,其由变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门等25门及400属组成.相较于培养方法,高通量测序群落组成更为丰富.基于高通量测序的分子生态网路分析表明其关键细菌分别为Arthrobacter、Marmoricola、Nocardioides、Ferruginibacter、Flavitalea、Nitrospira和Lysobacter等组成.对分离的159株可培养菌株进行Cd摇瓶吸附实验,结果表明Aneurinibacillus、Arthrobacter和Bacillus等11个属的30株菌具有较好地固定效果.效果验证实验表明,Ochrobactrum sp. 1-6、Bacillus sp.2-11和Pseudomonas sp.1-9等6株高效菌株能提高青菜(鸡毛菜)生物量、降低青菜不同组织中的Cd含量.本研究为新乡市重金属污染土壤修复提供菌种资源,同时为重金属污染土壤细菌群落和功能提供参考依据.     

象山近海表层沉积物重金属分布特征和生态风险评价

浙江省象山东部的开阔海域接纳沉积了长江和浙北沿岸经济发达地区包括重金属污染物在内的入海物质.为全面了解象山近海沉积物重金属污染状况,基于2017年夏季54个采样点表层沉积物测试资料,分析其中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As、Cd等7种重金属元素的分布特征、影响因素和主要来源,并应用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属元素进行污染状况和生态风险评价.结果表明:研究区Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As、Cd平均质量分数分别为89.860、36.890、108.740、32.150、0.041、6.090和0.134 μg/g,研究区中部和韭山西北侧海域表层沉积物中的重金属含量较高,近岸区域和东南部外海区域含量较低.Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd受控于粒度和有机质分布,均以陆源输入为主;Hg、As以其他物质来源为主.主成分分析法将全部因子概括为3个主成分.地累积指数评价结果表明,象山近海表层沉积物中Cu和Cd属轻度污染;研究区中部大片区域具有中等潜在生态风险,主要生态风险因子为Hg和Cd.研究显示,象山近海仍以陆源输入型重金属污染物为主,同时受到海洋水动力、理化条件以及人类用海活动的影响.