淹水增加对闽江河口淡水潮汐湿地孔隙水地球化学特征及CO2和CH4排放通量的影响

海平面上升使得河口潮汐湿地淹水高度增加,对CO_2和CH_4的排放通量产生重要影响,但目前绝大多数研究集中在淹水增加对河口盐沼湿地的影响,淹水增加对于河口淡水潮汐湿地的影响缺乏数据.鉴于此,本研究利用模拟潮汐池和中型生态系,研究淹水增加15 cm和30 cm后对闽江河口淡水潮汐湿地孔隙水(NH_4+、NO_3-、DOC、溶解性CH_4和DIC)浓度及CO_2和CH_4排放通量的影响.结果表明,淹水高度增加15 cm和30 cm后,CO_2的排放通量分别下降28. 53%和36. 56%;淹水增加15 cm时,CH_4的排放通量没有显著变化,增加至30 cm后,CH_4的排放通量显著增加29. 27%;淹水高度增加15 cm和30 cm,孔隙水CH_4的浓度分别增加47. 83%和73. 91%.淹水增加对孔隙水DOC浓度变化影响不显著.淹水增加促进孔隙水NH_4+浓度,并降低孔隙水DIC和NO_3-的浓度.淹水增加降低CO_2和CH_4排放通量的温度敏感性.根据研究结果,未来海平面上升50 a和100 a后,闽江河口淡水潮汐湿地的综合增温潜势将分别降低28%和35%.     

干旱区典型湖泊CH4扩散排放特征及其影响因素

湖泊等水体CH₄的排放是全球温室气体的主要组成部分,但目前对干旱区湖泊CH₄扩散排放特征及其影响因素的研究却鲜有报道.本文选取干旱区典型湖泊—博斯腾湖为研究对象,分别于2021年6月、9月、10月采集水样,并测定其生物地球化学参数及溶解CH₄浓度,确定其水-气界面CH₄扩散排放通量.结果表明,博斯腾湖CH₄扩散通量均值为（0.305±0.080） mmol·m^-2·d^-1,表现为大气CH₄的排放源;在空间上,受外源输送影响,入湖河口为CH₄的扩散排放热点区域;在不同月份,CH₄扩散通量变化受营养状态影响显著,与综合富营养化指数、叶绿素a浓度等呈显著正相关（富营养化指数：r=0.67,p<0.01;叶绿素a：r=0.54,p<0.01）,但其对温度的依赖性较低（p>0.05）.另外,受外源输送、水动力特征、内部生物化学过程等影响,博斯腾湖CH₄扩散通量在不同湖区的控制因子表现出较大差异,其具体控制机制还需进一步明晰.     

射流气浮技术在发生炉煤气洗涤废水封闭循环处理中的应用

本文介绍了采用混凝－射流高速气流法处理煤气洗涤循环废水的技术及在工程中的应用。该地煤气洗涤废水焦洗洗去除率为４０－８０％,悬浮和去除率为８０－９５％,挥发酚八方经为１０％,较好地满足了发生炉煤所洗涤废水循环回用的水质要求。     

Soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of soil CO2 efflux before and after tillage in a wheat field of Loess Plateau, China

As a conventional farming practice,tillage has lasted for thousands of years in Loess Plateau,China.Although recent studies show that tillage is a prominent culprit to soil carbon loss in croplands,few studies have investigated the influences of tillage on the responses of soil CO2 efflux(SCE) to soil temperature and moisture.Using a multi-channel automated CO2 efflux chamber system,we measured SCE in situ continuously before and after the conventional tillage in a rain fed wheat field of Loess Plateau,Chin...     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice–wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments: ambient conditions (CKs), CO₂ concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol (FACE), temperature elevated by ca. 2°C (T) and combined elevation of CO₂ concentration and temperature (FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season (p < 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m²·hr) in the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem (p < 0.05).     

植物叶钾离子渗出量在大气质量评价中的应用--Ⅱ.利用叶片K+渗出量和含硫量监测大气SO2污染的比较研究

以加拿大杨(Populus Canadensis)为材料,经熏气证实,SO₂浓度与叶片含硫量及K⁺渗出量之间呈密切正相关。按污染指数(IPC)法和统计法(μ+s)划分四个污染等级,用以评价沈阳市SO₂污染,K⁺渗出量法较叶片含硫量法更接近理化监测值。按95%置信度绘制预测图,经精度分析,K⁺渗出量法较叶片含硫量法更为精确。     

Characterization of arsenate transformation and identification of arsenate reductase in a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Arsenic (As) is a pervasive and ubiquitous environmental toxin that has created catastrophic human health problems world-wide. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga, which exists ubiquitously in freshwater aquatic systems. Arsenic metabolism processes of this alga through arsenate reduction and sequent store and efflux were investigated. When supplied with 10 mol/L arsenate, arsenic speciation analysis showed that arsenite concentration increased from 5.7 to 15.7 mg/kg dry weight during a 7-day period, accounting for 18%–24% of the total As in alga. When treated with different levels of arsenate (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mol/L) for 7 days, the arsenite concentration increased with increasing external arsenate concentrations, the proportion of arsenite was up to 23%–28% of the total As in alga. In efflux experiments, both arsenate and arsenite could be found in the efflux solutions. Additionally, the efflux of arsenate was more than that of arsenite. Furthermore, two arsenate reductase genes of C. reinhardtii (CrACR2s) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli strain WC3110 (ΔarsC) for the first time. The abilities of both CrACR2s genes to complement the arsenatesensitive strain were examined. CrACR2.1 restored arsenate resistance at 0.8 mmol/L. However, CrACR2.2 showed much less ability to complement. The gene products were demonstrated to reduce arsenate to arsenite in vivo. In agreement with the complementation results, CrACR2.1 showed higher reduction ability than CrACR2.2, when treated with 0.4 mmol/L arsenate for 16 hr incubation.     

季节非对称升温对喀斯特土壤CO2释放的影响

全球变暖呈现季节非对称升温特征,若在研究全球变化对生态系统的影响时未充分考虑该特征,很可能导致研究结果失真.基于红外线辐射增温法,野外模拟不同升温情景下喀斯特土壤CO₂释放的短期（4 a）特征.升温情景包括不升温（对照）、对称升温（全年同步升温2.0℃）和非对称升温（冬春/夏秋季升温幅度为2.5℃/1.5℃、3.0℃/1.0℃、3.5℃/0.5℃和4.0℃/0℃）.结果表明,与对照相比,升温样地土壤CO₂通量显著提高,增加了0.26 μmol·（m²·s）^-1,增幅为17.41%,其中冬春季通量增加了0.23 μmol·（m²·s）^-1.在平均升温2.0℃情景下,土壤CO₂释放的温度系数（Q₁₀）变幅为1.53~3.24之间,平均值为2.23.对称升温处理中夏秋季土壤CO₂通量升温贡献率（80%）远高于冬春季（20%）;非对称升温处理夏秋季和冬春季平均升温贡献率相当（46%和54%）.5个升温情景下CO₂通量和Q₁₀呈现随升温的非对称性增加而降低的趋势,其中对称升温处理CO₂通量显著高于中度、高度和极端非对称升温处理.各处理中,夏秋季Q₁₀均大于冬春季,这可能与土壤含水量、土壤微生物、可溶性无机碳和植被生长等有关.研究揭示,基于对称升温情景可能会高估全球变暖对喀斯特土壤CO₂释放的影响.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice-wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments:ambient conditions(CKs), CO_2 concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol(FACE),temperature elevated by ca. 2°C(T) and combined elevation of CO_2 concentration and temperature(FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season(p 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m~2·hr) in the FACE,FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO_2 concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem(p 0.05).     

无机砷和甲基砷在水稻体内吸收运移的比较研究

由于含甲基砷的农药残留或土壤中微生物的砷甲基化作用,除了无机砷,水稻籽粒中也可以检测到相当含量的不同形态的甲基砷.通过水培试验研究了不同形态砷在水稻幼苗中的吸收、转运、转化和外排.结果表明,水稻中各形态砷的含量排序为:亚砷酸盐(As(Ⅲ))>单甲基砷盐(MMA(Ⅴ))>砷酸盐(As(Ⅴ))>二甲基砷盐(DMA(Ⅴ)),但从地下部向地上部的转运系数排序为:DMA(Ⅴ)>As(Ⅲ)>As(Ⅴ)>MMA(Ⅴ).实验中未发现水稻体内无机砷向甲基砷的转化,甲基砷向无机砷的转化比例也较低,但观察到MMA(Ⅴ)部分被还原为MMA(Ⅲ).相比其地上部和地下部的吸收量,DMA(Ⅴ)在水稻中通过木质部(向上)和韧皮部(向下)的转运比例在4种形态砷中最高.甲基砷(MMA(Ⅴ)和DMA(Ⅴ))通过根系外排的速率和比例明显的高于无机砷(As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)).实验结果表明,不同形态砷的累积与其在水稻体内的吸收、运移及砷的根系外排密切相关.