有机胺脱硫工艺在高硫煤地区火电厂的应用分析

近年来,电力行业发展迅速,燃煤电厂大气污染物控制取得很大成就。在电力行业"十二五"规划中,对节能减排工作提出了更高的要求,其中二氧化硫的削减仍占主要地位。本文就高硫煤地区实施有机胺脱硫工艺进行探讨,论述其应用情况、工艺原理,与传统工艺相比的优势、特点及发展方向。     

土地利用变化对土壤硝化及氨氧化细菌区系的影响

以西藏高原相邻的原始森林、天然草原和农田土壤为研究对象,分别采用室内培养法和nested PCR-DGGE技术,对比研究了这3个生态系统的土壤硝化势、硝态氮浓度以及土壤氨氧化细菌（AOB）菌群区系.结果表明,农田土壤的硝化势和硝态氮（NO 3--N）浓度显著高于相邻的草原和森林土壤,硝化势分别是森林和草原土壤的9倍和11倍,NO 3--N是农田土壤无机氮（Nmin）的主要成分,占无机氮的70%～90%.铵态氮（NH 4＋-N）则是森林和草原土壤中主要的无机氮形态.原始森林和天然草原间的硝化势和硝态氮浓度没有显著差异.原始森林的土壤AOB菌群数量、多样性及均匀度最低.天然草原生态系统转换为农田后,土壤AOB菌群的多样性和均匀度显著降低,但是农田土壤的AOB菌群结构仍与其前身草原生态系统有较高的相似性.原始森林的AOB菌群数量、多样性及均匀度最低直接导致了其硝化势最低;农田土壤的硝化势和硝态氮浓度最高意味着农田生态系统中优势AOB的活性最高.以上结果表明,土地利用变化导致土壤氮素内循环及其关键微生物AOB的多样性与活性均发生显著变化,这些变化会影响土壤环境质量以及生态系统的持续与稳定.     

中国主要水系沉积物中重金属分布特征及来源分析

本文简要综述了中国主要水系沉积物中重金属(Cd、As、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg、Cr)的分布特征,系统讨论了区域城市化进程对水环境的影响,分析了重金属污染特征及其来源,并采用潜在生态风险指数法评价了中国主要水系沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害系数和危害指数。结果显示,中国主要水系表层沉积物中重金属的复合污染状况评价结果是:Cd>Hg>Pb>As>Zn>Cr>Cu。其中,Cd元素的Eir值介于41.25～1755.00之间,属于轻微到极强生态危害,其中大部分样点属于强至极强生态危害。Hg元素的Eir值介于115.29～470.83之间,属于强到极强生态危害,其中大部分样点属于很强至极强生态危害。地区对比而言,综合污染状况以海河和珠江较为显著,长江污染最轻。就其来源来讲,海河流域和珠江流域污染来源主要为工业污染,长江和黄河主要是流域岩石风化和土壤侵蚀。     

湛江港表层沉积物重金属的分布及其潜在生态风险评价

测定了湛江港12个表层沉积物样品中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg的含量,并与有机质含量进行双变量相关分析,同时应用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了沉积物重金属综合污染效应。结果表明:湛江港海域沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg的含量范围分别为(9.5～27.2)×10-6、(24.4～68.1)×10-6、(15.7～115.2)×10-6、(未检出～0.202)×10-6和(0.026～0.167)×10-6,平均含量分别为17.6×10-6、36.9×10-6、67.0×10-6、0.065×10-6和0.091×10-6。除Pb与Hg之间,各种重金属元素之间均存在显著或极显著的相关关系。除Pb和Cd之外,各种重金属与有机质之间相关系数较高。Hakan-son潜在生态风险评价结果显示,湛江港表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险均较小,属轻微生态危害。5种重金属的潜在生态风险大小依次为:Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn。     

珠江下游河段沉积物中重金属含量及污染评价

为了解珠江下游出海河道沉积物中重金属含量及各污染物的潜在生态危害程度,用电感耦合等离子质谱法和原子荧光法测定了21个样点沉积物中13种元素的总量,及对底泥中主要重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,珠江下游河道总Fe、总Mn含量分别为41 658.73 mg.kg-1和1 104.73 mg.kg-1,微量元素Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Sb、Pb和Hg的平均值分别为86.62、18.18、54.10、80.20、543.60、119.55、4.28、10.60、20.26、104.58和0.520 mg.kg-1,地积累指数评价结果显示,表层沉积物重金属污染程度顺序为：Cd〉As≈Zn〉Hg〉Pb≈Cu≈Cr,潜在生态风险程度大小顺序：Cd〉Hg〉As〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr,Cd是该水域污染和潜在生态风险最大的元素,单项潜在生态风险与区域综合潜在生态风险一致.珠江下游河道底泥Cd、Hg和Pb污染受输入影响北江大于西江和东江.聚类分析结果表明,研究站位潜在生态风险可分5类,基本反映了站位分布及沉积物环境污染变化特征.总体而言,重金属污染和生态风险程度较高的江段有陈村-沙湾段、陈村-顺德港段及外海-虎跳门段,北江及相关河道污染程度和潜在生态风险指数高于区域其他江段.     

聚合铝铁对A2/O系统 EPS及生物絮凝性能的影响

通过向实验室构建的A2/O模型好氧池末端投加聚合铝铁(PAFC)来强化系统的生物除磷,使得出水总磷达到《城市污水处理厂污染物排放标准GB 18918-2002》中的一级A标准,并重点分析投加的PAFC对A2/O系统中活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)和活性污泥生物絮凝性能的影响.结果表明,随着PAFC投药量的增加,A2/O系统活性污泥EPS总量变化不大,但EPS组分中蛋白/多糖含量的比值逐渐降低,由投药前的3.30降低至投药后的2.30;EPS中金属离子含量逐渐增加,在厌氧-缺氧-好氧的运行周期内,各处理单元污泥的EPS中金属铝离子含量增加.投加PAFC后,活性污泥颗粒变大,二沉池出水的Zeta电位明显降低,由投药前-15.83 mV降低至-21.20 mV,污泥产量增加.因此,适量投加PAFC后,生物絮凝性能得到改善,出水中悬浊颗粒减少,出水水质变好.     

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

Denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources in a pre-denitrification process

The aim of this study is to investigate the denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources and to estimate the denitrification potential for the predenitrification system using nitrate utilization rate （NUR） batch tests. It is shown that the denitrification potential can be substantially increased with the addition of three external carbon sources, i.e. methanol, ethanol, and acetate, and the denitrification rates of ethanol, acetate, and methanol reached up to 9.6, 12, and 3.2 mgN/（g VSS.h）, respectively, while that of starch wastewater was only 0.74 mgN/（g VSS,h）. By comparison, ethanol was found to be the best external carbon source. NUR batch tests with starch wastewater and waste ethanol were carried out. The denitfification potential increased from 5.6 to 16.5 mg NO3-N/L owing to waste ethanol addition. By means of NUR tests, the wastewater characteristics and kinetic parameters can be estimated, which are used to determine the denitrification potential of wastewater, to calculate the denitrification potential of the plant and to predict the nitrate effluent quality, as well as provide information for developing carbon dosage control strategy.     

Biodegradation of phenol by free and immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD12

A new phenol-degrading bacterium with high biodegradation activity and high tolerance of phenol, strain PD 12, was isolated from the activated sludge of Tianjin Jizhuangzi Wastewater Treatment Facility in China. This strain was capable of removing 500 mg phenol/L in liquid minimal medium by 99.6% within 9 h and metabolizing phenol at concentrations up to 1100 mg/L. DNA sequencing and homologous analysis of 16S rRNA gene identified PD12 to be an Acinetobacter sp. Polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） was used as a gel matrix to immobilize Acinetobacter sp. strain PDI2 by repeated freezing and thawing. The factors affecting phenol degradation of immobilized cells were investigated, and the results showed that the immobilized cells could tolerate a high phenol level and protected the bacteria against changes in temperature and pH. Storage stability and reusability tests revealed that the phenol degradation functions of immobilized cells were stable after reuse for 50 times or storing at 4℃ for 50 d. These results indicate that immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD 12 possesses a good application potential in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.