三聚磷酸二氢铝对水中铜离子的吸附动力学

采用离子交换吸附法研究三聚磷酸二氢铝吸附水中铜离子的动力学行为和吸附活化状态热力学参数分析。结果表明:三聚磷酸二氢铝对水溶液中铜离子的化学吸附是二级反应,吸附速率常数k与温度T之间的关系符合阿仑尼乌斯式,吸附的活化能为Ea=56.35kJ/mol,吸附的频率因子A=2.5×106L/(mg·min),ln(k/T)与1/T之间的关系符合Eyring公式,其活化焓ΔH=53.21kJ/mol,活化熵ΔS=-153.36J/(mol·K),同时k与铜离子初始浓度呈负相关性,与三聚磷酸二氢铝用量呈正相关性,介质pH=5时有利于吸附。     

铜、锌污染河流与植物污染的研究

通过对受铜、锌污染的河流水样、底泥、土壤及植物进行采样分析,结果表明：选矿废水对河流水质造成较严重的铜、锌污染,铜超过地面水Ⅳ、Ⅴ类标准和污水综合排放一级标准,锌超过地面水Ⅱ、Ⅲ类标准,河流底泥中铜、锌严重超标。生长于污染水体中的植物,其铜、锌含量显著地高于对照植物,即植物污染严重。在几种试样植物中,紫茎泽兰铜、锌含量最高,其次是光叶蕨。此外,研究表明,污染植物铜、锌具有高度相关性。     

氯胺消毒对铜和不锈钢管壁生物膜的控制作用

以松花江为水源的哈尔滨某水厂出厂水为研究对象,采用生物膜培养反应器(rotating annular bioreactor, RAB)模拟给水管网系统,考察了氯胺对铜和不锈钢2种管材上生物膜的控制情况.结果表明,在无氯胺情况下运行时,铜和不锈钢挂片上的生物膜在第18d和21 d达到最大值,其生物量分别为5.5×１０³ CFU/cm²和2.5×１０⁵ CFU/cm²,生物膜达到稳定时生物量分别为1.0×１０³ CFU/cm²和1.3×１０⁵ CFU/cm²,铜挂片上的生物量明显低于不锈钢.反应器在有氯胺状态下运行时,铜和不锈钢挂片上最大生物量为5.0×10² CFU/cm²和5.0×１０⁴ CFU/cm²,分别低于无氯胺情况下1个数量级,达到稳定状态时,其生物量分别为10 CFU/cm²以下和3.5×１０⁴ CFU/cm²,说明氯胺对处于稳定状态的生物膜具有一定的控制作用,对铜挂片上的生物膜具有更明显的控制效果.对消毒剂投量、管材和管壁生物膜HPC进行分析可知,生物膜HPC与余氯胺具有良好的指数相关关系,增加氯胺投量可以降低生物膜HPC数量,氯胺和铜挂片对管壁上的生物膜具有协同灭菌作用.     

水中铜离子对颤蚓的毒性效应研究

测定了铜对颤蚓的半数致死浓度(LC5)0、生物富集系数(BCF)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。实验结果表明随着铜浓度的增大,颤蚓的死亡率明显升高,铜对颤蚓毒性有明显的剂量—效应关系;铜对颤蚓的24h-LC50、48h-LC50、72h-LC50分别为237.8、212.2、174.3μg/L,表明染毒时间越长,铜对颤蚓的毒性越大;浓度为12.5μg/L、25μg/L的铜对颤蚓的BCF分别为25.3和36.8,表明暴露浓度越大,生物富集程度越高;暴露于浓度为0、5、10、15、20、25μg/L的铜溶液24h后,颤蚓体内SOD活性的变化呈现降低-升高-降低的趋势。实验表明颤蚓对铜的耐受能力较强且具有一定的生物富集作用。     

铜对两种农药在砂土上吸附的影响

为了考察了铜与有机农药在土壤中吸附行为的交互作用,以阿特拉津(Atrazine,AT)、氰戊菊酯(Fenvalerate,Fen)为研究对象,进行批量平衡吸附实验。实验结果表明,AT的吸附符合线性吸附等温线,氰戊菊酯在土壤上的吸附变异性较大,可能原因是菊酯农药存在一定程度的降解。铜离子的存在使AT的吸附常数Koc由262.3减小为55.22L/kg,AT在土壤上的吸附量减小。氰戊菊酯吸附常数Koc为282.9(L/kg),铜离子与氰戊菊酯共存时,氰戊菊酯吸附Koc值增加为440.1L/kg,实验Cu2+浓度范围内,吸附量明显增加。两种农药土壤吸附实验结果不同,这种差异性可能是由于两种农药具有不同的水溶性和辛醇-水分配系数(Kow)值,铜与AT可能形成可溶性络合物从而减小其吸附。铜与氰戊菊酯可能形成不溶性络合物而使溶剂萃取率降低。     

纳米TiO_2/Nafion修饰金电极溶出伏安法测量痕量铜

利用纳米二氧化钛(nano-TiO2)的结构特性,采用滴涂法制备了一种nano-TiO2/Nafion修饰金电极,采用差分脉冲溶出伏安法实现了水样中痕量铜的检测。详细研究了Cu2+在nano-TiO2/Nafion修饰金电极上的电化学响应行为,并讨论了nano-TiO2/Nafion膜的厚度、溶液pH值、富集电位、富集时间等对Cu2+溶出峰电流的影响。实验结果表明:在pH=2.0硝酸溶液中,-0.5 V恒电位搅拌富集240 s,静置10 s后阳极化扫描,Cu2+在0.25 V左右出现阳极溶出峰。相比于裸金电极,该峰电流大大提高,表明nano-TiO2对Cu2+的溶出具有一定的增敏作用。在最优化实验条件下,10~900 nmol/L范围内,Cu2+的溶出峰电流与其浓度呈良好的线性关系,检出限可达3.2 nmol/L。该修饰电极具有一定的抗干扰能力,将其应用于国标样品和实际自来水样中Cu2+的检测,结果令人满意。     

常见金属及金属氧化物催化超声降解间苯二酚

探索了以常见金属铜、锌、铝单质及其氧化物为催化剂,提高超声降解间苯二酚速率的可行性。在超声/零价金属以及超声/金属氧化物同时存在的条件下,以间苯二酚为目标污染物,对间苯二酚的去除效果、溶液pH的变化及金属离子的溶出等进行考察,并对超声波与金属以及金属氧化物协同催化降解有机物的作用机理进行了初步的探讨。实验结果表明,铜、锌、氧化铜均可以有效地催化间苯二酚的超声降解,其过程均符合假一级动力学反应。各类金属和金属氧化物的催化能力排序为铜、锌混合物>氧化铜、锌混合物>锌>铜≈氧化铜。当间苯二酚初始浓度为0.05 mmol/L,初始pH=5,超声频率25 kHz,功率为200 W,铜、锌比例为1:1,投量为1 g/L时,US/Cu-Zn去除间苯二酚的速率常数为1.53×10-2min-1,是单独超声作用时的9倍。     

柔性电解去污技术概述

为保护人员健康和环境安全,核设施长期运行及未来退役时必须高度重视放射性污染防治。柔性电解去污技术一直是电解去污技术研究发展方向之一,是去除金属表面放射性污染的有效方法。本文介绍了电解去污技术特别是柔性电解去污技术在日本的发展,概述了几种具有代表性的技术应用实例。通过与中国电解去污技术发展水平的比较,提出未来中国电解去污技术的研究发展应该与其它去污技术整和、与现场条件相结合,建议开发硝酸体系的系列电解液配方和柔性电解去污装置。     

Application of enriched stable isotope technique to the study of copper bioavailability in Daphnia magna

The biokinetics of Cu in Daphnia magna, including dissolved uptake, assimilation and e ux, has been determined using a gamma 67Cu radiotracer methodology. However, this gamma emitting radioisotope is not readily available due to its very short half-life. In the present study, we employed a stable isotope tracer (65Cu) to determine the Cu biokinetics and compared our results to those determined using 67Cu. The dissolved uptake rate constant of 65Cu was 3.36 L/(g day), which is higher than that of 67Cu (1.32 L/(g day)). With increasing food concentrations from 2 104 to 1 105 cells/mL, the Cu assimilation e ciency (AE) decreased from 46% to 11%, compared to a decrease from 27% to 16% when determined using 67Cu. The e ux of Cu from Daphnia magna was quantified following both dissolved and dietary uptake. The e ux of waterborne Cu was comparable to that of dietborne Cu and the e ux rate constant (0.32–0.52 day??1) was higher than that determined by 67Cu (0.19–0.20 day??1). By considering di erent water properties and handling procedure between the two experiments, we believe that these di erences are reasonable. Overall, this study demonstrated that the enriched stable isotope tracer technique is a powerful tool to investigate metal bioavailability and maybe a good alternative to radioactive measurements.     

Tolerance and biosorption of copper （Cu） and lead （Pb） by filamentous fungi isolated from a freshwater ecosystem

Filamentous fungi are able to accumulate significant amount of metals from their environment. The potential of fungal biomass as agents for biosorption of heavy metals from contaminated sediments is currently receiving attention. In the present study, a total of 41 isolates of filamentous fungi obtained from the sediment of the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia were screened for their tolerance and uptake capability of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium simplicissimum and P. janthinellum. A. niger and P. simplicissimum, were able to survive at 1000 mg/L of Cu(II) concentration on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while for Pb, only A. niger survived at 5000 mg/L concentration. The results showed that A. niger, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum have a better uptake capacity for Pb compared to Cu and the findings indicated promising biosorption of Cu and Pb by these filamentous fungi from aqueous solution. The present study was also determined the maximum removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) that was performed by A. niger. The metal removal which occurred at Cu(II) 200 mg/L was (20.910 0.581) mg/g and at 250 mg/L of Pb(II) was (54.046 0.328) mg/g.