A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: Levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics

Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.     

工业园区TVOC和恶臭的电子鼻检测技术研究

根据工业园区中TVOC和恶臭可能存在的主要气体组分,筛选传感器阵列,构建用于检测工业园区内TVOC和恶臭的电子鼻系统.本研究设计了TVOC污染指数（TPI）和恶臭污染指数（OPI）及基于电子鼻的现场检测方法.在此基础上,结合嘉兴市乍浦港区内化工园区污染情况分析,选择6个检测点进行现场检测,各传感器响应值经PCA分析,提取了2个主成分即可将8个传感器分为2类：TVOC型（S1）和恶臭型（S2～S8）.将现场采集的气体样品用GC/MS进行定性分析,各采样点TVOC物质积分面积百分比在10%以上的累积起来大多都占总面积的90%以上,而恶臭类物质则大多都在10%以下.结果表明：①选用合适的传感器阵列,结合PCA分析,可以初步反映工业园区内TVOC和恶臭的污染情况;②结合电子鼻测得的污染指数与GC/MS定性分析结果,可以大体得出工业园区TVOC和恶臭总体污染情况及各种污染物分布情况;③电子鼻和GIS技术综合应用到工业园区TVOC和恶臭的检测,能初步用于评估工业园区空间污染情况.     

不同制备温度的水稻生物炭电子交换能力研究

为探究不同热解温度下生物炭的电子交换能力,通过限氧升温炭化法,利用水稻秸秆在不同热解温度条件下制备生物炭,与氧气、铁氰化钾氧化剂和柠檬酸钛还原剂进行氧化还原反应,对生物炭的得电子能力（EAC）和失电子能力（EDC）进行定量分析.结果显示,热解温度对生物炭的电子交换能力有较大影响,随热解温度升高至500℃时,生物炭的EAC和EDC达到最大,分别为3.86,1.72mmol/g高于500℃后,随着温度的增加,EAC和EDC逐渐减小,这是由于生物炭的醌类和酚类官能团的结构改变以及持久性自由基强度变化的联合作用.此外,柠檬酸钛和连二硫酸钠两种氧化还原电位不同的还原剂进一步证实了还原剂电位对生物炭EAC的影响.且生物炭具有氧化还原的可逆性,可逆的EAC与EDC之和近似等于生物炭的电子储存能力.     

汽车零配件涂装过程VOCs排放特征与案例分析

VOCs（挥发性有机物）现已被列为我国大气环境领域的核心污染物.随着汽车零配件制造行业减排要求的提出,于2018年6月选取典型汽车零配件制造企业,采用美国TO-15方法分析VOCs物种,采用FID（氢离子火焰检测器）对NMHC（非甲烷总烃）进行实测,分析汽车零配件涂装过程的VOCs排放特征.结果表明:①由于分析方式的不同,有组织排放的ρ（NMHC）比ρ（VOCs）高1.3~1.9倍,其中末端未安装VOCs处理设施的排气筒排放的ρ（NMHC）最高.②汽车零配件涂装过程排放的主要VOCs物种质量浓度占比范围分别为46.72%~98.33%（芳香烃）、1.20%~52.90%（含氧VOCs）,其中ρ（二甲苯）、ρ（苯系物）超标（DB 31/933—2015《大气污染物综合排放标准》）情况较为严重.③未进入VOCs处理装置前的VOCs物种组成与原辅料中VOCs物种组成一致,二者主要VOCs物种的质量分数大致相同,说明生产工艺的不同对VOCs的排放组成影响较小.④比较RTO（蓄热式热力燃烧装置）和活性炭吸附装置处理VOCs前、后废气组成的差异发现,活性炭吸附装置处理对VOCs排放的组成基本无影响,经RTO处理后排放物种以芳香烃和含氧VOCs为主,但是w（芳香烃）和w（含氧VOCs）变化不一致,说明RTO对芳香烃和含氧VOCs处理效率不同.研究显示,为满足国家对汽车零配件制造行业VOCs的减排要求,源头使用高固分涂料或水性涂料替代溶剂型涂料,优化过程收集系统,增强末端处理技术的净化效果、安全性和稳定性,是实现汽车零配件制造行业全过程减排的重要手段.      

Utility of biological sensor tags in animal conservation

Electronic tags (both biotelemetry and biologging platforms) have informed conservation and resource management policy and practice by providing vital information on the spatial ecology of animals and their environments. However, the extent of the contribution of biological sensors (within electronic tags) that measure an animal's state (e.g., heart rate, body temperature, and details of locomotion and energetics) is less clear. A literature review revealed that, despite a growing number of commercially available state sensor tags and enormous application potential for such devices in animal biology, there are relatively few examples of their application to conservation. Existing applications fell under 4 main themes: quantifying disturbance (e.g., ecotourism, vehicular and aircraft traffic), examining the effects of environmental change (e.g., climate change), understanding the consequences of habitat use and selection, and estimating energy expenditure. We also identified several other ways in which sensor tags could benefit conservation, such as determining the potential efficacy of management interventions. With increasing sensor diversity of commercially available platforms, less invasive attachment techniques, smaller device sizes, and more researchers embracing such technology, we suggest that biological sensor tags be considered a part of the necessary toolbox for conservation. This approach can measure (in real time) the state of free‐ranging animals and thus provide managers with objective, timely, relevant, and accurate data to inform policy and decision making.     

Polyvinyl chloride used as a chlorinating and a reducing agent

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or vinyl is a recyclable material. It can be used as a chlorinating and a reducing agent. Two tests of chlorination and reduction of two different samples of jarosite and hematite were realized using PVC, results are presented in this paper. The chlorination test shows that the HCl gas produced from PVC and heated at ≈250°C can be used as a chlorine source to recover as chlorinated compounds the valuable metals such as Zn, Pb contained in jarosite. The XRD reveals the presence of lead and zinc chlorides in the condensates obtained. The second test of reduction was conducted using a mixture of PVC and hematite treated in a nitrogen atmosphere between 200 and 1000°C. The results show that at low temperature, PVC produces HCl and with kinetic consideration, no reactions can be observed with hematite. However, at high temperature, the weight of the hematite sample decreases by ≈15%, due to the reduction of hematite to iron metal.     

电子商务在环保产业的应用及前景

电子商务和环保产业是当今社会的两大热门话题，分析了两种新兴产业结合的可能性和电子商务在环保市场上的应用现状，同时也对其应用前景作了展望。     

成都市工业挥发性有机物排源成分谱

选取成都市汽车制造和石油化工等典型工业行业,通过瓶采样和SUMMA罐采样及GC-MS分析方法,研究了不同生产工艺环节的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征.结果表明,汽车制造各工艺环节均有各自的优势组分,其中喷漆排放以烷烃(32%)和芳香烃(35%)为主.家具制造排放特征与使用原辅料高度相关,以芳香烃(50%)和OVOCs(38%)为主.石油化工各装置区VOCs浓度范围为49～1 387μg·m~(-3),不同装置区存在较大差异,主要是由于炼油区主要产品为C_5～C_9的汽油和苯系物等,化工区则较多使用了溶剂同时生成烯烃类产品.电子制造均以OVOCs为主,占VOCs总排放的50%以上.制鞋行业排放VOCs主要由烷烃和OVOCs贡献,平均占比分别为52%和36%,与所用溶剂组分高度相关.汽车制造VOCs排放组分差异较大,主要以正十二烷和2-丁酮等为主.家具制造排放组分主要为苯乙烯、乙酸乙酯和间/对-二甲苯等,为涂料和稀释剂的典型组分.石油化工各装置区排放组分有差异,炼油区以苯乙烯等为主,化工区主要为1,3-丁二烯等,仓储区主要为C_3～C_5烷烃等,废水处理则主要为C_6～C_8烷烃等.电子制造主要组分均为乙醇和丙酮等醛酮组分.制鞋企业排放组分以C_5和C_6等烷烃为主.通过臭氧生成潜势计算比较,汽车制造和石油化工行业对臭氧生成潜势贡献较大的VOCs排放组分以烯烃和芳香烃为主,具有较高的污染源反应活性.研究表明各工业行业OVOCs排放比例(17%～96%)和对臭氧生成潜势贡献均较为显著,因此在进行VOCs排放控制时,除重点管控芳香烃和烯烃外,亦应提高对OVOCs组分的关注.     

中国显示器件行业VOCs排放特征及控制对策

为掌握和了解我国电子行业VOCs的排放特征,以显示器件行业为研究对象,梳理和分析其生产工艺及排污环节;通过典型企业有机废气的实际排放监测,掌握其VOCs排放水平;利用排放因子法,核算了2011-2016年我国显示器件行业VOCs的排放量,分析其排放量的变化趋势及空间分布特征.结果表明:受产量和污染控制效率变化的双重影响,2011-2016年我国显示器件行业VOCs排放量（文中涉及"全国"的各要素范围均未包含港澳台地区）呈先增后降的趋势,2015年达到最大值（15 605 t）,此后在产量增长放缓和污染控制效率提高的作用下,2016年的排放量有所下降;从排放占比来看,显示器件行业无组织VOCs排放占比从2011年的45%升至2016年的53%,车间无组织VOCs逸散,以及废水处理过程、有机原辅料和有机废液储运等环节的VOCs无组织排放是行业污染控制的重点和难点.研究显示,我国显示器件行业VOCs无组织排放量占比逐年上升,为控制未来行业VOCs排放,企业应将无组织排放转化为有组织排放,之后再通过高效的末端处理装置来减少VOCs排放量.      

后勤保障电子装备地下环境适应性研究

电子设备地下环境适应性分析是后勤保障装备研究的重要内容。在分析总结地下环境特性及电子装备材料与结构特点的基础上,研究了电子装备的各类环境效应,得出其环境适应性特点。结合后勤保障电子装备在地下环境实际应用中存在的问题,提出了几项改进措施,为下一代后勤保障电子装备地下环境适应性设计给出指导性意见。