包埋硫铁生物填料的制备及自养反硝化性能

采用包埋固定化技术制备了包埋硫铁生物填料(ESI Filler),基于升流式自养反硝化反应器开展动态实验研究,通过改变水力停留时间(HRT)、pH值、溶解氧(DO)等运行条件,探究ESI Filler反应器的脱氮效果及微生物群落结构组成。结果表明,当进水硝酸盐氮(NO₃^--N)浓度为30mg/L,HRT为10h时,NO₃^--N去除率不断上升至99.80%。当HRT缩短为2.5h时,NO₃^--N去除率降至61.35%。ESI Filler反应器对pH值和DO的改变具有较高的稳定性,NO₃^--N平去除率可维持在82.5%以上。但对低温的耐受性较差,当温度从35℃降低至15℃时,NO₃^--N平均去除率由90.12%降低至68.80%。运行164d后,球体未出现破裂散落的现象,表现出较长的使用寿命。通过扫描电镜发现,填料表面疏松多孔,附着大量杆状细菌,已成为微生物的良好载体。高通量测序结果表明,包埋颗粒中优势菌属为典型的自养反硝化功能菌Thiobacillus,丰度为80.79%。     

外源硫诱导下的Desulfovibrio desulfuricans sub sp.EPS特性及对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附

研究了3种外源硫(Na₂SO₄、Na₂SO₃和Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O)对Desulfovibrio desulfuricans sub sp.(D.desulfuricans sp.)的胞外聚合物(EPS)的胁迫/诱导作用。结果表明,在还原性硫源0.50g/L Na₂SO₃的条件下,EPS产量最高,为2104.39mg/g VSS,蛋白质含量为1888.52mg/g VSS,较胁迫/诱导前均提高了300%以上;其对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附性能最好,为954.4mg/g EPS,提高了98.17%。三维荧光(3D-EEM)结果表明,胁迫/诱导后EPS中类酪氨酸均大量增加;傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明,胁迫后-OH、C=O、C-O-C等官能团均大量增加,在Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附中发挥了重要作用;X光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,在还原性硫源(Na₂SO₃和Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O)胁迫/诱导后,EPS中C-O/C-N、C=N和某种含氧基团(X)大量增加,可能是吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的主要基团。     

氮气搅拌下高硫铝土矿电解脱硫研究

采用氮气搅拌的方法,强化高硫铝土矿电解脱硫过程,考察了电解液配比、电流密度、气流速度等因素对脱硫率的影响。研究表明：脱硫率随电解液中NaCl含量增加而增加;电解脱硫率随着NaOH浓度和电流密度先升高后下降;增加气体流速能够显著提高电解脱硫率。基于电解脱硫特点,提出了铝土矿电解脱硫工艺与现有氧化铝生产的衔接方式。     

A conceptual framework: Redefining forest soil's critical acid loads under a changing climate

Federal agencies of several nations have or are currently developing guidelines for critical forest soil acid loads. These guidelines are used to establish regulations designed to maintain atmospheric acid inputs below levels shown to damage forests and streams. Traditionally, when the critical soil acid load exceeds the amount of acid that the ecosystem can absorb, it is believed to potentially impair forest health. The excess over the critical soil acid load is termed the exceedance, and the larger the exceedance, the greater the risk of ecosystem damage. This definition of critical soil acid load applies to exposure of the soil to a single, long-term pollutant (i.e., acidic deposition). However, ecosystems can be simultaneously under multiple ecosystem stresses and a single critical soil acid load level may not accurately reflect ecosystem health risk when subjected to multiple, episodic environmental stress. For example, the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina receive some of the highest rates of acidic deposition in the eastern United States, but these levels are considered to be below the critical acid load (CAL) that would cause forest damage. However, the area experienced a moderate three-year drought from 1999 to 2002, and in 2001 red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees in the area began to die in large numbers. The initial survey indicated that the affected trees were killed by the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.). This insect is not normally successful at colonizing these tree species because the trees produce large amounts of oleoresin that exclude the boring beetles. Subsequent investigations revealed that long-term acid deposition may have altered red spruce forest structure and function. There is some evidence that elevated acid deposition (particularly nitrogen) reduced tree water uptake potential, oleoresin production, and caused the trees to become more susceptible to insect colonization during the drought period. While the ecosystem was not in exceedance of the CAL, long-term nitrogen deposition pre-disposed the forest to other ecological stress. In combination, insects, drought, and nitrogen ultimately combined to cause the observed forest mortality. If any one of these factors were not present, the trees would likely not have died. This paper presents a conceptual framework of the ecosystem consequences of these interactions as well as limited plot level data to support this concept. Future assessments of the use of CAL studies need to account for multiple stress impacts to better understand ecosystem response.     

Dissolved organic sulfur in streams draining forested catchments in southern China

Dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) is an important fraction for sulfur mobilization in ecosystem. In this work stream waters were sampled in 25 forested sites in southern China to study the dissolved sulfur fractions. Dissolved sulfur was fractionated into dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) and inorganic sulfate (SO₄^2-) for 95 stream water samples. The results showed that the concentration of DOS ranged from 0 to 13.1 mg/L (average 1.3 mg/L) in all the streams. High concentrations of DOS in stream waters were found in the sites with high concentrations of sulfate. DOS constituted less than 60.1% of dissolved sulfur (average 17.9%). Statistical analysis showed that DOS concentration was correlated with SO₄^2- in streams waters and total sulfur in surface layer soils. The results also showed that DOS concentration in stream waters had a seasonal variation, but no trends were found with it. The implication was that the long term sulfur deposition had led the increase of the concentration and fraction of DOS in stream waters in acid rain prevailing regions     

发酵稻壳对亚铁离子和硫离子的吸附-解吸附特性

为了解发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-离子的固定潜力,采用静态批式法研究了发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-离子的吸附行为,探讨了反应时间、溶液中Fe2+和S2-浓度、溶液p H、吸附反应环境温度及溶液离子强度对发酵稻壳吸附Fe2+和S2-特性的影响,并进一步通过解吸附试验了解发酵稻壳吸附态Fe2+和S2-的稳定性.结果表明,发酵稻壳吸附Fe2+(r=0.912 1)和S2-(r=0.901 1)的动力学过程均符合Elovich动力学模型,且Fe2+(R2=0.965 1)和S2-(R2=0.936 6)的等温吸附特征可较好地用Freundlich等温吸附模型描述.发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-的吸附为非优惠型吸附,其中对Fe2+的吸附为非自发反应,对S2-的吸附为自发反应.发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-的吸附过程是一吸热过程,升温有利于吸附作用的进行,发酵稻壳对Fe2+的吸附主要为配位吸附,而对S2-的吸附主要为阴离子交换吸附.一定p H范围内(1.50~11.50)发酵稻壳吸附Fe2+和S2-具有较强的适应性.同时随着离子强度的增加发酵稻壳对Fe2+的吸附量有所增加,而对S2-的吸附量略有减少,进一步证明发酵稻壳对Fe2+的吸附以内层配位为主,对S2-的吸附以外层络合为主.此外,不同p H条件及离子强度下发酵稻壳吸附的Fe2+和S2-解吸率很低,解吸率均小于10.00%.上述结果说明,发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-具有较好的吸附能力和环境适应性,吸附态Fe2+和S2-稳定性好,不易再释放.     

成都市典型非道路工程机械排气烟度分析

采用不透光烟度计采集了成都市典型工程机械(挖掘机、装载机、叉车和压路机)排气烟度,研究了机械功率对其活动水平(燃油消耗量和年均工作时间)的影响,同时也研究了机械发动机构造和机械排放标准对其排气烟度的影响;同时,采用氮硫测定仪分析了机械油品硫含量,研究了硫含量对其排气烟度的影响.试验结果表明:机械功率越大的工程机械,燃油消耗量和年均工作时间数越高.成都典型工程机械排气烟度排放水平最低的为装载机,最高的为压路机;同时,超高排放装载机与叉车的占比较高.工程机械排气烟度受机械发动机排量、机械发动机构造、机械发动机排放标准和机械用油的综合影响,通过对工程机械装配电控发动机、提高原机排放标准和使用低硫燃油均能直观反映出机械排气烟度不同程度的改善.此外,油品中硫含量越高,机械排气烟度越大.     

活性炭的表面性质对CeOx/AC催化臭氧氧化水中苯甲酸的影响机制

实验对活性炭(activated carbon,AC)进行了氧改性、氮改性、硫改性和氮-硫共改性,考查AC的表面性质对CeO_x/AC催化臭氧氧化苯甲酸性能的影响.结果表明,相比氧改性活性炭ACO、硫改性活性炭ACS和氮改性活性炭ACN,氮-硫共改性活性炭ACNS由于含氮官能团和含硫官能团的引入,提高了对苯甲酸的吸附性能和催化臭氧氧化性能.采用氮-硫共改性活性炭为载体制备的CeO_x/ACNS催化剂表面Ce~(3+)含量最高,因而具有最高的催化活性,反应30 min,苯甲酸的去除率由单独臭氧氧化的22%提高到88%,TOC的去除率单独臭氧氧化的7%提高到55%.CeO_x/ACNS催化剂具有良好的稳定性,循环使用6次,苯甲酸的去除率仅从88%降低到82%,整个过程中活性组分Ce的流失只占负载量的0.32%,是一种很有应用潜力的臭氧氧化催化剂.     

长三角典型站点冬季大气PM2.5中OC、EC污染特征

对2015年1月9日~2015年1月31日临安、南京和苏州3个站点采集的PM_(2.5)样品(共计279组),使用热光反射法(thermal/optical reflectance,TOR)分析了样品中有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)的含量,并研究了长三角地区冬季PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的污染特征.结果表明,采样期间临安、南京和苏州的PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为(123.56±61.11)、(144.77±62.91)和(156.5±68.97)μg·m-3,均超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)规定的PM_(2.5)日均值75μg·m-3;其中3个站点OC与EC的平均质量浓度依次分别为(21.93±11.69)/(6±3.6)、(20.32±10.3)/(5.39±3.07)和(27.08±14.35)/(6.4±4.29)μg·m-3.临安作为长三角大气环境背景点,OC与EC的污染也较为严重.3个站点OC与EC的相关性为临安(R2=0.83)、南京(R2=0.72)和苏州(R2=0.72),表明冬季长三角地区的碳质气溶胶的来源较为一致和稳定.3个站点样品中的OC/EC值均大于2.0,样品的OC/EC值主要分布在2.5~6.0这个区间内,表明燃煤源和机动车尾气排放源是OC与EC的主要来源.使用EC示踪法估算临安、南京和苏州3个站点的二次有机碳(SOC)平均质量浓度分别为(9.23±5.26)、(6.82±4.36)和(12.56±7.52)μg·m-3,在OC中占比为42%、34%和46%,表明SOC是OC的重要组成部分.后向轨迹显示,PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度与主要气团的传输路径有较好的相关性,自空气质量较差区域气团的PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度是来自空气质量较好区域的1.14~1.7倍、1.55~2.1倍和1.94~2.47倍.     

硫磺和放线菌强化植物修复土壤镉污染

为了强化耐受重金属镉（Cd）的植物包心芥菜对土壤中Cd污染的富集及转运效率,以包心芥菜为研究对象,向土壤中添加0.3%的硫磺和接种不同数量的放线菌Act12（0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0g/kg）,通过盆栽实验,研究不同处理间根际土pH值的变化规律、包心芥菜地上和地下部分Cd的积累量、植物抗氧化酶系的变化以及根系活力.结果表明：添加0.3%硫磺和2.0g/kg放线菌Act12后,根际土pH值下降最大,相比对照下降了14.5%.而添加0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg的放线菌Act12,包心芥菜地上部分Cd的含量最高,转运系数最大,相比对照,Cd含量提高了79%,并且植物地上部分的干重最大.添加放线菌Act12对植物的抗氧化系统有积极作用,CAT、POD、SOD含量均在0.3%硫磺和1.0g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合下达到峰值,放线菌Act12还可提高植物的根系活力,降低丙二醛的含量.综上表明,添加硫磺和放线菌Act12均可强化包心芥菜吸收土壤中Cd的能力,其中0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合强化效果最佳.