分级燃烧工况下高岭土对煤中微量元素排放的影响研究

通过在一维煤粉燃烧炉上进行肥煤、无烟煤添加高岭土吸附剂的燃烧实验 ,研究了肥煤、无烟煤及其燃烧产物中 18种微量元素的含量和分布 ;计算了高岭土在分级燃烧工况条件下对每种微量元素的吸附率 .结果表明 :高岭土对中、低挥发性微量元素具有不同的吸附作用 ,吸附效率与煤种、元素种类、燃烧温度等因素有关 ,无烟煤燃烧比肥煤燃烧吸附效果更好 .     

新疆典型城-郊-乡梯度带土壤微量元素空间分布与来源

从新疆某地典型城-郊-乡梯度带采集了77个表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,基于GIS技术与多元统计分析方法,研究各梯度带表层土壤中Hg、As、V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等10种微量元素的空间分布特征与主要来源。结果表明:Hg元素在城区、郊区和乡村表层土壤中的平均含量均超出研究区土壤背景值,As元素在城区和郊区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,Zn和Pb元素在城区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,其余元素在3个梯度带表层土壤中的平均含量均低于相应的背景值。研究区表层土壤中,V、Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等7种元素的空间分布格局基本相似,均呈现沿城市化梯度带分布的地带性格局;As、Cu和Hg等3种元素的空间分布呈现岛状格局。来源分析结果表明,各梯度带表层土壤中的微量元素的来源各不相同。     

煤矸石中元素Ba、Ni、Sr的淋溶析出

对安徽淮南煤矸石进行了成分分析和淋溶析出实验研究,结果表明：微量元素Ba、Ni、Sr在矸石山底部的含量高于新鲜样品,由此得出这三种元素对周围土壤及水环境的影响可能是有限的。     

Occurrence and volatility of several trace elements in pulverized coal boiler

The contents of eight trace elements(Mn, Cr, Pb, As, Se, Zn, Cd, Hg) in raw coal, bottom ash and fly ash were measured in a 220 t/h pulverized coal boiler. Factors affecting distribution of trace elements were investigated, including fly ash diameter, furnace temperature, oxygen content and trace elements‘ characters. One coefficient of Meij was also improved to more directly show element enrichment in combustion products. These elements may be classified into three groups according to their distribution: Group 1. Hg, which is very volatile. Group 2: Pb, Zn, Cd, which are partially volatile. Group 3: Mn, which is hardly volatile. Se may be located between groups 1 and 2. Cr has properties of both group ! and 3. In addition, the smaller diameter of fly ash, the more relative enrichment of trace elements (except Mn). The fly ash showed different adsorption mechanisms of trace elements and the volatilization of trace elements rises with furnace temperature. Relative enrichments of trace elements(except Mn and Cr) in fly ash are larger than that in bottom ash. Low oxygen content can not always improve the volatilization of trace elements. Pb is easier to form chloride than Cd during coal combustion. Trace elements should be classified in accordance with factors.     

土壤中稀土元素的生态毒性研究进展

为了解稀土元素对农田生态系统的影响,综述了近几十年来国内外有关土壤稀土元素生态毒性的研究进展,包括土壤稀土元素的主要来源途径,稀土元素对农田生态系统中植物、动物和微生物生长、发育、繁殖的影响。高浓度的稀土元素会破坏植物细胞膜的性质和结构,影响植物的抗氧化系统,扰乱植物对矿质营养元素的正常吸收和利用,诱使植物细胞发育不良、染色体畸变等现象发生。稀土元素可影响动物的消化、呼吸、生殖、神经、血液和免疫系统等。稀土元素对土壤微生物数量、种类、群落结构与功能多样性等均有影响。探讨了土壤稀土元素的生态毒性诊断方法,目前常见的植物毒性诊断法、蚯蚓毒性诊断法、土壤微生物诊断法、生物标记物诊断法和遗传毒性诊断法等可用来诊断土壤中稀土元素的生态毒性。提出了以后开展土壤稀土元素生态毒性研究应加强的方面:在群落、个体和细胞水平上研究稀土元素对土壤动物和微生物的影响,加强稀土元素生态毒性诊断新方法和新技术的探讨,进行稀土元素生物有效性与土壤因素关系的研究等。     

不同外源条件下稀土在小麦植株中的残留

采集了全国14个稀土施用区3种不同施用条件（土施、喷施、拌种）下的成熟小麦样品及未施用稀土对照样品，利用等离子体质谱法（ICP－MS）测定了小麦植株的根、茎、叶及籽粒中14种稀土元素的含量。分别探讨了不同外源下小麦植株各部位稀土元素的含量及分布特征，并与有关文献中的报道进行了对比。研究结果表明，土施和拌种的小麦各部位没有发现明显残留，施用样各部位稀土总量比对照样增加约5％－10％，其分布模式与土壤类似；喷施的小麦样品的根、茎、叶中稀土残留严重，其含量比对照样高一个数量级，其分布模式与土壤及对照完全不同，表现为轻稀土更富集；3种施用方法的小麦籽粒中稀土残留均不明显。     

北京市臭氧污染跳变型特征及影响因素分析

基于2016~2022年北京市环境监测和气象观测数据,结合后向轨迹聚类和潜在源区贡献分析北京市臭氧（O₃）污染特征、气象影响和潜在源区.结果表明,2016~2022年北京市共发生41次具有跳变特征的O₃污染过程,平均为5.9次·a^-1,发生时间集中在5~7月,跳变当日（OJD2）较跳变前一日（OJD1）的ρ（O₃-8h）平均值偏高78.3%,峰值浓度偏高78.9%,OJD2区域O₃浓度高值带呈现由南向北推进的特征.北京市跳变O₃污染发生主要原因可归纳为不利气象条件导致的本地积累叠加区域传输影响.跳变型O₃污染发生时具有偏南风频率增加、温度上升、气压降低和降水减少的特征,偏南风频率增加为O₃及其前体物的传输提供条件,在本地高温作用下快速发生光化学反应,叠加降水较少,综合推高OJD2的O₃浓度水平.聚类分析得到6条气团输送路径,OJD2来自偏北方向的气团减少11.2%,来自偏南和偏东方向气团增加6.7%和4.4%,气团以短距离传输为主,偏南和偏东方向对应的O₃浓度较高,对北京污染贡献较大.潜在源区分析揭示OJD2的O₃污染的主要潜在源区是京津冀中南部和东部,贡献了82.6%污染轨迹.跳变型O₃污染区域输送贡献明显,需要加强京津冀区域联防联控．     

ICP-MS法测定地下水中痕量元素的条件选择

采用氦气碰撞模式和内标法抑制ICP-MS测试地下水中痕量元素的多原子离子干扰和基体效应。探讨He流量、内标元素、宏量离子等因素对测定的影响,结果表明:187Re、208Pb响应值与He流量呈线性下降模型,其他离子为指数下降模型,He流量为2. 5 m L/min～3. 0 m L/min时满足地下水质量分级测定要求;内标元素的响应因子随质量浓度的增大而降低,16. 0μg/L以上时趋于稳定;酸度显著影响测定误差,选用较大质量数的内标元素和保持样品酸度的一致可提高测定的准确度。     

Mineral constituents in Leccinum scabrum from lowland locations in the central Europe and their relation to concentration in forest topsoil

Leccinum scabrum is an edible mushroom common in European regions in the northern hemisphere. Macro and trace mineral constituents such as Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, P, Rb, Sr and Zn were studied in L. scabrum and in the top soil collected from the same location underneath soil substratum. The “pseudo-total” and labile (extractable fraction of minerals) were measured to get insight into the levels, distribution between the morphological parts of fruiting bodies, potential for their bioconcentration by mushroom and evaluated for human exposure via consumption of the mushroom. The sampling sites include the Dar?lubska Wilderness, Trójmiejski Landscape Park, Sobieszewo Island, Wdzydze Landscape Park and outskirts of the K?trzyn town in Mazury from the norther part of Poland. Median values of K, Rb and P concentrations in dehydrated L. scabrum were for caps in range 27,000–44,000 mg kg^?1, 90–320 mg kg^?1 and 6,200–9,100 mg kg^?1, and followed by Mg at 880–1,000 mg kg^?1, Ca at 48–210 mg kg^?1 and Al at 15–120 mg kg^?1. The median concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in caps were in range 15–27 mg kg^?1 db 38–140 mg kg^?1, 5.3–27 mg kg^?1 and 130–270 mg kg^?1. For Ba and Sr, concentrations on the average were at ～1 mg kg^?1, and almost equally distributed between the caps and stipes of the fruiting bodies. L. scabrum mushrooms were low in toxic Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb, for which the median values in dried caps from five locations were, respectively, in range 0.48–0.98 mg kg^?1 (cap to stipe index, Q_C/S, was 2.5–4.1), 1.0–5.8 mg kg^?1 (Q_C/S 2.9–3.8), 0.36–0.59 mg kg^?1 (Q_C/S 1.6–2.7) and 0.20–0.91 mg kg^?1 (Q_C/S 1.2–1.9). Substantial variations in the concentrations of the “pseudo-total” fraction (extracted by aqua regia) or labile fraction (extracted by 20% solution of nitric acid) of the elements determined in forest topsoils were noted between some of the locations examined. The elements K, P, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Na, Rb and Zn can be considered as those which were bioconcentrated by L. scabrum in fruiting bodies, while the rates of accumulation varied with the sampling location.     

Assessment of mobile and potential mobile trace elements extractability in calcareous soils using different extracting agents

• DTPA and NH₄OAc, HNO₃ and EDTA, and MgCl₂ and NH₄NO₃ had similar behavior. • In NH₄OAc, DTPA, and EDTA, the possibility of re-adsorption of trace elements is low. • CaCl₂ may be more suitable than other extracts in calcareous soils. Understanding trace elements mobility in soils, extracting agents, and their relationships with soil components, are essential for predicting their movement in soil profile and availability to plants. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate extractability of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) from calcareous soils utilizing various extracting agents to be specific CaCl₂, DTPA, EDTA, HNO₃, MgCl₂, NaNO₃, NH₄NO₃, and NH₄OAc. Cluster analysis indicated that DTPA and NH₄OAc, HNO₃ and EDTA, and MgCl₂ and NH₄NO₃ extracting agents yielded comparative values, whereas NaNO₃ and CaCl₂ have shown different behavior than other extracting agents for all studied trace elements. The speciation of extracted trace elements in solutions indicated that in the CaCl₂, NaNO₃, NH₄NO₃, and MgCl₂ extracting agents most extracted Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, and part of Cu were as free ions and may be re-adsorbed on soils, leading to lower extractability, whereas, in the case of HNO₃ extracting agent, the likelihood of re-adsorption of trace elements may be little. The results of speciation of trace elements using NH₄OAc, DTPA, and EDTA extracting agents showed that Me-(Acetate)₃^–, Me-(Acetate)₂(aq), Me(DTPA)³⁻, Me(EDTA)²⁻, and MeH(EDTA)^– complexes dominated in solutions indicating that the extracted trace elements may not be re-adsorbed on soils, leading to higher extractability. The results of this study are useful for short and long-term evaluations of trace elements mobility and further environmental impacts.