模糊综合评价法在道路运输企业安全评价中的应用

我国道路运输企业交通安全形势比较严峻,推行道路运输企业安全综合评价是降低道路运输企业交通事故的有效途径之一.本文运用Delphi法和AHP法建立了道路运输企业安全层次分析模型,构建了安全综合评价指标体系.选用基于"差动"原理的赋权法--G1法计算各指标的权重,应用模糊综合评价法对其进行安全综合评价.采用平均加权法对评价因素的各项指标进行量化处理,从而得到道路运输企业安全的综合评价结果.最后,对陕西省一家道路运输企业进行了实际验证,比较真实地反映了此企业的安全状况.     

厂内铁路、公路道口信号微机控制系统

介绍了铁路道口信号、公路交通信号并存出现矛盾时的一种解决方法及控制模式,就控制系统的组成、工作原理及特点作了论述,构成的系统具有一定的代表性。运行表明：解决了铁路道口信号与公路交通信号不兼容的问题,有效地保障了铁路道口区域过往车辆及行人的安全,取得了预期的效果。     

油品运输罐车呼吸阀阻火器设计与应用

针对油品运输罐车呼吸阀难以防火、防爆的安全隐患 ,设计安装油品运输罐车呼吸阀阻火器 ,提高了油品罐车的防火、防爆性能     

我国危险化学品道路运输的现状与对策研究

随着我国工业和经济的发展,危险化学品的需求量越来越大,危险化学品的道路运输也越来越频繁,由危险化学品道路运输而引发的事故也越来越多。为此,必须基于我国危险化学品道路运输的现状,借鉴发达国家在危险化学品道路运输方面较成熟的经验,提出符合我国国情的危险化学品道路运输安全管理的对策,以达到减少危险化学品道路运输事故发生的目的,最大限度地降低由危险化学品道路运输事故引起的生命财产的损失。     

地震灾害紧急救援可支配交通链路选择研究

如何通过科学的算法提前获取决定路网通达性的关键链路,即可支配链路,从而可通过各方面养护措施提高可支配链路的抗震能力,保证震后救援运输的顺利进行。提出可支配链路的相关概念,基于矩阵结构的计算方法与原理,并应用算例进行验证。通过选取云南省保山市隆阳区的部分目标区域来进行震后救援路网的支配性链路计算,同时针对地震发生后的特点,综合考虑医疗救援、火灾救援及紧急物资救援3方面的综合救援需求,获得该区域路网的可支配链路。研究结果表明:结合震后实际救援需求,将需求点扩展为多个需求点,能够进一步获得在多个需求点基础上的可支配链路。因此,利用矩阵结构获得可支配链路的方法,能够综合需求点数量和概率临界值的进一步调整,进一步优化计算结果。     

环保多功能沥青除冰路面一体化设计研究

依托湖北杭瑞高速公路工程,为降低沿线行车通过居民区带来的噪音污染,解决冬季路面积雪薄冰带来的行车安全问题,以具有一定结构除冰性能的高连通孔隙沥青路面材料为基体,选用橡胶高黏度改性沥青,并掺入环保型化学抑冰剂,开发设计具有除冰、降噪、抗滑功能材料路面。以不牺牲路用性能为前提,通过测试动稳定度、冻融劈裂强度比、飞散损失、抗剪强度等,确定环保型化学抑冰剂的掺量。同时利用驻波管法、手工铺砂法及轮碾法测定空隙率分别为16%、20%、24%、28%的路面材料除冰性能、降噪性能和抗滑性能。测试结果表明,当环保型融雪除冰剂的掺量为2%,空隙率控制在20%左右时,高连通孔隙沥青材料的路面使用性能最佳,具有较好的除冰性能、降噪性能和抗滑性能。     

施工工地出口附近道路交通扬尘排放特征研究

为了量化施工工地附近社会道路因施工运输车辆带泥及遗撒造成的二次交通扬尘,对4个典型工地出口2个方向社会道路尘负荷进行了采样分析,根据AP-42交通扬尘排放模型,计算和分析了工地出口附近道路交通扬尘排放特征.结果表明,工地出口附近道路尘负荷高于正常道路,随着距离工地出口长度的增加,尘负荷逐渐减小;工地出口2个方向共400 m道路上交通扬尘PM₁₀排放因子为正常道路的2～10倍,因施工增加的排放量相当于422～3?800 m正常道路排放.根据以上结果,结合2002年北京市施工工地时空分布数据,经计算得出,2002年北京市城八区工地出口形成的二次扬尘相当于增加了道路总长度的59%.     

交通干道沿线土壤重金属监测与评估综述

公路运营所带来的铅、镉、锌等重金属污染物对人体健康安全存在着潜在和长期的影响。近年来,开展交通干道沿线重金属污染监测与评估工作已经成为环境监测工作的重要内容。从监测技术、评估方法、可能影响因素等几个方面对该领域的研究进展及成果进行了综述。采样段面的选取、点位的布设与样品的收集应该同时遵循全面性和代表性的原则。在同一交通干道内,均匀布置采样段面的同时可以尽量包含高车流量、中车流量与低车流量3种类型。考虑到重金属在横向距离上的分布规律,可以在0~100 m处设置密集采样点位,在100~300 m处设置适量采样点位。评估方法一般同时采用Kriging空间插值分析、污染指数分析、多元统计分析,生态风险评价与健康风险评价等多种分析方法。     

Structural equation model analysis for the evaluation of overall driving performance: A driving simulator study focusing on driver distraction

Objective: The present research relies on 2 main objectives. The first is to investigate whether latent model analysis through a structural equation model can be implemented on driving simulator data in order to define an unobserved driving performance variable. Subsequently, the second objective is to investigate and quantify the effect of several risk factors including distraction sources, driver characteristics, and road and traffic environment on the overall driving performance and not in independent driving performance measures.

Methods: For the scope of the present research, 95 participants from all age groups were asked to drive under different types of distraction (conversation with passenger, cell phone use) in urban and rural road environments with low and high traffic volume in a driving simulator experiment. Then, in the framework of the statistical analysis, a correlation table is presented investigating any of a broad class of statistical relationships between driving simulator measures and a structural equation model is developed in which overall driving performance is estimated as a latent variable based on several individual driving simulator measures.

Results: Results confirm the suitability of the structural equation model and indicate that the selection of the specific performance measures that define overall performance should be guided by a rule of representativeness between the selected variables. Moreover, results indicate that conversation with the passenger was not found to have a statistically significant effect, indicating that drivers do not change their performance while conversing with a passenger compared to undistracted driving. On the other hand, results support the hypothesis that cell phone use has a negative effect on driving performance. Furthermore, regarding driver characteristics, age, gender, and experience all have a significant effect on driving performance, indicating that driver-related characteristics play the most crucial role in overall driving performance.

Conclusions: The findings of this study allow a new approach to the investigation of driving behavior in driving simulator experiments and in general. By the successful implementation of the structural equation model, driving behavior can be assessed in terms of overall performance and not through individual performance measures, which allows an important scientific step forward from piecemeal analyses to a sound combined analysis of the interrelationship between several risk factors and overall driving performance.     

Prevalence of alcohol among nonfatally injured road accident casualties in two level III trauma centers in northern Ghana

Background: Alcohol use is pervasive among motorists on the road in Ghana; however, we do not know the extent to which this behavior is implicated in road accidents in this country.

Objectives: The main objective of this research was to establish the prevalence of alcohol in the blood of nonfatally injured casualties in the emergency departments (EDs) in northern Ghana.

Method: Participants were injured road traffic crash victims, namely, pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and drivers seeking treatment at an ED. The study sites were 2 level III trauma centers located in Wa and Bolgatanga. Participants were screened for alcohol followed by breath tests for positive participants using breathalyzers.

Results: Two hundred and sixty-two accident victims visited EDs, 58% of whom were in Wa. Among the victims, 41% were hospitalized and 57% experienced slight injuries. The vast majority (76%) of the casualties were motorcyclists, 13% were pedestrians, 8% were cyclists, and 2% were drivers. Casualties who had detectable alcohol in their blood were predominantly vulnerable road users. In all, 34% of participants had detectable blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) and the mean BAC for all casualties who tested positive and could give definitive BACs was 0.2265 (226 mg/dl). The prevalence of alcohol use was 53% among cyclists, 34% among motorcyclists, 21% among pedestrians, and 17% among drivers. Male casualties were more likely to test positive for alcohol than females. In addition, the prevalence of alcohol was significantly higher among injured casualties in Bolgatanga compared to Wa.

Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of alcohol use among nonfatally injured casualties in northern Ghana and injury severity increased with BAC. AUDIT screening in the hospital, alcohol consumption guideline, road safety education with an emphasis on minimizing or eliminating alcohol consumption, and enhanced enforcement of the BAC limit among motorists are recommended.