聚合氯化铁-聚(环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺)复合絮凝剂在模拟水处理中的混凝特性研究

制备出一系列具有不同聚合氯化铁(PFC)的碱化度(B)、不同聚(环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺)[P(EPI-DMA)]质量分数[ω(E)]和黏度(η)的PFC-P(EPI-DMA)复合混凝剂,并将其用于模拟染料废水和模拟天然地表水的絮凝脱色处理,对比探讨了ω(E)、η和B对PFC-P(EPI-DMA)中铁的形态分布及其混凝效果的影响,以及混凝作用机制.结果表明,复合絮凝剂中铁的有效形态含量随ω(E)的增大而不断降低;η=850 mPa.s时,复合混凝剂中铁的有效形态含量最高;随B值的增大,Feb含量先增大后减少,而Fec含量逐渐增大.一定程度上使用预水解程度较低、有机成分黏度较大的PFC-P(EPI-DMA)有利于混凝效果的提高,复合混凝剂中有机成分质量分数对混凝效果的影响则与处理对象有关.在模拟水处理中,复合混凝剂依靠电性中和及架桥吸附能力发挥混凝特性.     

Removal and transformation of organic matters in domestic wastewater during lab-scale chemically enhanced primary treatment and a trickling filter treatment

To find a simple and economical way for treating the domestic wastewater in small counties and towns, a process combining chemically enhanced primary treatment and a trickling filter (CEPT-TF, representing the physical and biological effects) was constructed and operated in laboratory conditions. The characteristic behaviors of dissolved organic matter in raw wastewater and effluents were examined during steady-state operation. Experimental results showed that the process of CEPT and TF in series was beneficial for the removal of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organics. Specially, the hydrophobic and aromatic materials could be preferentially removed in the CEPT unit, and the hydrophilic fraction in the TF. Structural changes of the organic fractions during the operation of the different units were also characterized via spectrum analysis.     

涡流澄清池与网格澄清池处理的对比试验研究

针对传统水力循环澄清池运行中所遇到的混凝效率低、出水水质差、抗冲击负荷能力弱等瓶颈问题,该试验通过对涡流澄清池与网格澄清池的启动、除浊效果、产水能力、抗冲击负荷能力进行平行对比试验,研究了涡流澄清池实际运行效果,确定了涡流澄清池的最佳运行工况及相关设计参数,为微涡流澄清技术在水厂改造、净水装置研发及其他工程应用提供设计参数支持和推广应用依据。     

高锰酸钾强化PAC混凝处理温瑞塘河黑臭水体试验研究

以浙江省温州市温瑞塘河某河段黑臭地表水为研究对象,考察高锰酸钾强化PAC混凝工艺的除污效能,获得处理温瑞塘河黑臭水体的最佳工艺条件,为恢复河流水体生态自净功能提供基础。试验结果表明,高锰酸钾的最优投加方式为在混凝剂PAC前投加,最佳预氧化时间5 min,最佳投加量1.5 mg/L。将本实验得出的最优混凝处理条件应用于温瑞塘河实际黑臭水体的处理时发现,处理后水质明显改善,此表明高锰酸钾强化混凝应急处理温瑞塘河黑臭水体是切实可行的,可为实际的应急处理工艺提供了理论依据和技术指导。     

有机改性粘土对赤潮藻絮凝沉降的动力学研究

采用分光光度计法和活体荧光计法,研究了吉米奇类表面活性剂双烷基聚氧乙烯基三季铵盐（DPQAC）改性粘土对2种赤潮生物赤潮异弯藻和锥状斯氏藻的絮凝沉降动力学,比较了2种实验方法的不同,并对几种影响絮凝沉降的因素进行了研究.结果表明,传统的分光光度计法进行动力学研究时,有机粘土对赤潮藻的絮凝沉降较好地符合双分子反应动力学模型,而采用活体荧光计法进行实验时,有机粘土对赤潮藻的絮凝沉降很好地符合双曲线动力学模型,利用活体荧光计法进行实验时避免了前者由于粘土沉降导致的体系透光率的快速变化,更好地反映了赤潮藻细胞絮凝沉降实质.2种动力学实验方法都表明,高岭土体系的沉降速率要略高于膨润土体系,提高粘土、改性剂的用量以及体系的pH值都能加快沉降速率,其中提高改性剂的用量是增加去除率和加快沉降速率的最有效方法.     

臭氧/混凝预处理工艺降低膜污染的研究

采用臭氧和混凝工艺分别处理黄浦江原水后进行MF膜过滤试验,考察2种预处理工艺对有机物的作用,进而考察其对MF膜过滤特性的影响.结果表明,2种预处理工艺都存在一个使膜污染下降率达到最大的最佳投药量.2种预处理工艺中,混凝降低膜污染的效果要好于臭氧,这主要与2种预处理工艺所去除的有机物性质有关.黄浦江水中有机物相对分子质量主要集中在3×103～5×103范围内,膜化学清洗液的分析表明造成膜污染的有机物相对分子质量主要集中在4.5×103附近,臭氧对相对分子质量在3×103附近的有机物去除效果较好,而混凝主要去除5×103附近的较大相对分子质量的有机物,因而混凝对这部分污染膜物质的去除效果要好于臭氧,从而有效降低了膜污染.     

Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal e ciency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal e ciencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal e ciencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal e ciency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.     

Efficacy of two chemical coagulants and three different filtration media on removal of Aspergillus flavus from surface water

Aquatic fungi are common in various aqueous environments and play potentially crucial roles in nutrient and carbon cycling as well as interacting with other organisms. Species of Aspergillus are the most common fungi that occur in water. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the efficacy of two coagulants, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, used at different concentrations to treat drinking water, in removing Aspergillusflavus, as well as testing three different filtration media： sand, activated carbon, and ceramic granules, for their removal of fungi from water. The results revealed that both coagulants were effective in removing fungi and decreasing the turbidity of drinking water, and turbidity decreased with increasing coagulant concentration. Also, at the highest concentration of the coagulants, A. flavus was decreased by 99.6% in the treated water. Among ceramic granules, activated carbon, and sand used as media for water filtration, the sand and activated carbon filters were more effective in removing A.flavus than ceramic granules while simultaneously decreasing the turbidity levels in the test water samples. Post-treatment total organic carbon （TOC） and total nitrogen （TN） concentrations in the experimental water did not decrease; on the contrary, TN concentrations increased with the increasing dosage of coagulants. The filtration process had no effect in reducing TOC and TN in tested water.     

紫外辐射对小分子有机酸化学凝聚性作用途径探讨

通过烧杯实验系统考察了紫外辐射对脂肪羧酸类和酚酸类小分子有机酸的化学凝聚性的作用途径.结果表明,溶液pH对柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸和丁二酸等脂肪羧酸类有机物的混凝性能影响较小.紫外辐射处理后,脂肪羧酸类小分子有机物的混凝去除率均高于未经紫外辐射处理的水样.进一步研究表明,紫外辐射过程中发生了光化学反应,使得脂肪羧酸的表面负电性降低,进而提高了其化学凝聚性.与脂肪类小分子有机酸不同,苯酚、水杨酸和苯甲酸的化学凝聚性较差,且受紫外辐射过程的影响小.单宁酸的混凝性能较好,pH=6时的去除率最高可达90%以上,这可能与其分子中脂肪酸碳链结构的存在以及单宁酸分子较大,易与PACl的水解产物发生吸附电中和反应有关.     

压力强化混凝除藻工艺中藻毒素安全性研究

为了研究预压力强化混凝沉淀蓝藻水处理工艺中,外加压力是否会引起藻细胞破裂,导致细胞内藻毒素泄漏到水体中,影响供水安全,实验对比研究了预压力和预氧化含藻水后藻毒素浓度的变化,以及预压力混凝沉淀和预氧化混凝沉淀除藻工艺中藻毒素浓度的变化和藻类去除效果.结果表明,含藻水经0.4~0.8 MPa压力加压后,水中藻毒素浓度没有增加,而次氯酸钠预氧化后水中藻毒素浓度大幅度增加.在0.5~0.8 MPa压力范围内,加压后混凝沉淀取得了较好的除藻除浊效果,蓝藻去除率达到90%~93.5%,浊度1.23~1.95 NTU,而次氯酸钠预氧化混凝沉淀后,蓝藻去除率56.2%~78.8%,浊度8.01~10.7 NTU,说明压力强化混凝沉淀除藻工艺是安全有效的.