单甲脒盐酸盐的酸性、中性和碱性水解的动力学过程

单甲脒盐酸盐的酸性、中性和碱性水解的动力学过程颜文红，雷志芳，叶常明（中国科学院生态环境研究中心，北京１０００８５）关键词：单甲脒盐酸盐；水解；酸碱度。１引言单甲脒碱，化学名称为Ｎ—（２，４－二甲苯基）—Ｎ＇－甲基甲脒，简称ＤＭＡ，是一种新型高效的有...     

钛酸四丁酯水解制备TiO_2半导体光催化剂研究

研究了钛酸四丁酯水解制备TiO2 粉末的两大影响因素R值 (R是水和钛酸四丁酯的摩尔比 )和烧结温度 .通过光催化氧化五氯苯酚钠实验 ,结合对催化剂晶型结构、比表面积的表征分析 ,综合评价所制备的催化剂 .实验结果表明 ,当R =10 0、烧结温度为 6 5 0℃、烧结时间为 1h ,钛酸四丁酯水解所制备的TiO2 半导体光催化剂催化活性和使用寿命均比较理想 .从晶型结构分析 ,当催化剂中锐钛矿和金红石按一定比例共存时 ,其催化活性较单一金红石或锐钛矿高 .实验认为锐钛矿与金红石的最佳比约为 2∶1     

有机垃圾序批式厌氧消化水解动力学模型研究

在传统一级模型中引入水解有机颗粒表面积,推导并建立了片状颗粒、圆柱形颗粒和球形颗粒有机物水解修正一级模型.片状颗粒模型与传统一级模型的表达式相同.圆柱形颗粒模型和球形颗粒模型的水解速率与未水解颗粒有机物浓度并非服从一级反应动力学,而是分别与未水解颗粒有机物浓度的3/2和5/3次方成正比,且与颗粒有机物的初始浓度有关.通过试验求得有机垃圾的传统一级模型、圆柱形颗粒模型和球形颗粒模型的水解速率常数分别为0.2493、0.5378和0.6741d-1.模型预测结果与残差分析表明,有机垃圾的形状更接近于圆柱形或球形,修正一级模型比传统一级模型能更好地预测有机垃圾的水解过程.     

聚合铝形态分布特征及转化规律

采用多种实验方法,对Al(Ⅲ)的水解—聚合—沉淀反应特征及其转化规律、形态分布及规范分子量大小进行了研究,同时应用X-射线衍射光谱仪和红外光谱仪对聚合铝形态进行了表征。由研究结果似可推断,Al(Ⅲ)水解—聚合过程的形态转化过程为线型→环型→体型。其聚合形态分布取决于翔/铝比值或pH值以及其它因素。在一定羟/铝比值时,聚合铝溶液中可划分为三种类型的形态分布。提出了相应的形态转化模式来表达聚合铝的形态及转化规律。     

新农药环境化学行为研究(Ⅶ)除草剂哌草丹(Dimepiperate)在土壤、水环境中的滞留、转化

研究了除草剂哌草丹在土壤、水环境中的吸附、脱附、水解及光解过程.结果指出:哌草丹在土壤上的吸附主要受土壤有机质的影响,粘土矿也有一定作用.吸附和脱附均可用Freundlich方程描述;根据降解产物推测了哌草丹的水解和光降解的机理,哌草丹的水解产物为2-苯基丙烯和六氢吡啶等,六氢吡啶可与土壤粘土矿(蒙脱石)作用,并与蒙脱石层间阳离子形成配合物;哌草丹光降解的产物为六氢吡啶、苯乙酮和甲醛.     

Biotic and abiotic transformations of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)

Background Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is a fuel additive which is used all over the world. In recent years it has often been found in groundwater, mainly in the USA, but also in Europe. Although MTBE seems to be a minor toxic, it affects the taste and odour of water at concentrations of < 30 μg/L. Although MTBE is often a recalcitrant compound, it is known that many ethers can be degraded by abiotic means. The aim of this study was to examine biotic and abiotic transformations of MTBE with respect to the particular conditions of a contaminated site (former refinery) in Leuna, Germany. Methods Groundwater samples from wells of a contaminated site were used for aerobic and anaerobic degradation experiments. The abiotic degradation experiment (hydrolysis) was conducted employing an ion-exchange resin and MTBE solutions in distilled water. MTBE, tertiary butyl formate (TBF) and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) were measured by a gas chromatograph with flame ionisation detector (FID). Aldehydes and organic acids were respectively analysed by a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector (ECD) and high-performance ion chromatography (HPIC). Results and Discussion Under aerobic conditions, MTBE was degraded in laboratory experiments. Only 4 of a total of 30 anaerobic experiments exhibited degradation, and the process was very slow. In no cases were metabolites detected, but a few degradation products (TBF, TBA and formic acid) were found on the site, possibly due to the lower temperatures in groundwater. The abiotic degradation of MTBE with an ion-exchange resin as a catalyst at pH 3.5 was much faster than hydrolysis in diluted hydrochloric acid (pH 1.0). Conclusion Although the aerobic degradation of MTBE in the environment seems to be possible, the specific conditions responsible are widely unknown. Successful aerobic degradation only seems to take place if there is a lack of other utilisable compounds. However, MTBE is often accompanied by other fuel compounds on contaminated sites and anaerobic conditions prevail. MTBE is often recalcitrant under anaerobic conditions, at least in the presence of other carbon sources. The abiotic hydrolysis of MTBE seems to be of secondary importance (on site), but it might be possible to enhance it with catalysts. Recommendation and Outlook MTBE only seems to be recalcitrant under particular conditions. In some cases, the degradation of MTBE on contaminated sites could be supported by oxygen. Enhanced hydrolysis could also be an alternative. - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.     

水胺硫磷工业废水的酸性水解处理研究

水胺硫磷工业废水中 ,有机磷和硫化物含量均 >10 0 0 0mg/L ,COD高达 5 5 0 0 0mg/L左右 ,NH3 N在 4 0 0 0 0mg/L左右 ,BOD/COD仅为 0 .0 5 ,属典型难生物降解废水。本文采用常压酸性水解和脱氨除磷工艺处理该废水 ,有机磷、硫化物、NH3 N和总磷等去除率均 >90 % ,COD去除率达到 5 0 %以上 ,废水可生化性提高 ;同时 ,可回收得到硫氢化钠、氨水等物质 ,使废水资源得到了综合利用     

水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水的污染物迁移降解试验研究

水解酸化-缺氧法对采油废水有较好的处理效果,采用GC/MS技术对水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水过程中污染物的迁移降解进行的研究表明:水解酸化段和缺氧段对采油废水中碳原子为C6～C9、分子量为100～140的有机物均有较好的降解能力.其中,在水解酸化段中酮类、芳烃得到较好的降解,缺氧段中酚类和醚类化合物降解明显.水解酸化-缺氧工艺对于采油废水中的甲苯和二甲苯具有较好的降解能力.     

聚氯乙烯(PVC)水解脱氯的研究

采用高压反应釜，在过热水条件下对PVC脱氯过程进行研究，结果表明，水解工艺可以有效地脱除PVC中的氯，并就工艺条件对脱氯效果的影响进行讨论，适宜的工艺条件为：反应温度220℃，反应时间2h，初始压力3.0MPa，碱浓度4%。     

L-山梨糖还原酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及融合蛋白的酶学特性

为获得L 山梨糖还原酶 (SR)整个操纵子序列 ,以 pGEM 3zf( )作为载体构建了Gluconobactersp .S6基因文库 .结合转化子在以L 山梨糖为唯一碳源培养基上的生长情况 ,利用PCR技术筛选到一个含L 山梨糖还原酶基因的阳性克隆pGEM 3zf( ) sr3/E .coli,酶切鉴定插入片断长度约 5 .0kb左右 .以 pGEM 3zf( ) sr3/E .coli质粒DNA为模板 ,扩增SR结构基因 .PCR产物经测序验证为SR基因序列后 ,与表达载体Pet32a( )相连 ,转化宿主大肠杆菌AD4 94 (DE3)对SR基因进行表达 ,并利用重金属离子亲和层析技术对SR融合蛋白进行了纯化 ,对其酶学特性进行了研究 .结果表明 :还原型辅酶II(NADPH)是SR酶蛋白的最适电子供体 ;SR酶蛋白的最适反应pH为 7.0 ,pH为6 .5时保持稳定 ,酶活力较高 ;最适反应温度是 5 0℃ ,30℃时热稳定性较好 .SDS PAGE电泳分析 ,SR融合蛋白的Mr 在6 5× 10 3 左右 ,由此推测出天然SR的Mr 在 5 3× 10 3 左右 ,与SR基因序列推测出的分子量大小一致 .图 13表 2参 6