Economy wide impacts of ethanol and biodiesel policy in Canada: An input–output analysis

The Government of Canada has committed that Canada’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions be reduced by 17% from 2005 levels by 2020. The new Renewable Fuels Regulations required 2% renewable content in diesel fuel and heating distillate oil and 5% for gasoline. This represents approximately 2.1 billion liters of ethanol and 600 million liters of biodiesel requirement per year, which would reduce GHG emissions by more than four million tones. Canada is expected to consume more fuel ethanol compared to its production capacity. The above mandates as well as the gap in consumption and production of biofuel will have enormous impact on the Canadian economy. In this backdrop, an input–output model of the Canadian economy is developed to estimate the macroeconomic impact of the ethanol and biodiesel production in Canada. The impacts on sectoral prices have also been calculated. Simulation exercises have been attempted to reach the mandates using modified Leontief model. Results show that agriculture sector is affected because of feedstock use in the biofuel sector. Mining and manufacturing industries also show a considerable impact. In addition, the impact on commodity prices cannot be ignored. Finally, to meet the target of Copenhagen commitment, the nation needs to revise the blending capacity of ethanol and biodiesel.     

纳米氧化铈对汽油发动机尾气污染物排放的影响

通过非水微乳液法制备了纳米氧化铈,并将之添加到90^#汽油中,研究了纳米氧化铈对汽油动力性能、尾气污染物CO、HC、PM、NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非水微乳液法制备的纳米氧化铈粒径在30～50nm之间,粒径分布较窄;添加浓度为100mg／L时,不会对汽油的动力性能产生明显影响,但可以明显降低90。汽油尾气中的CO、HC、PM、NOx排放。其中,800r／min的正常怠速下可以降低CO排放19．39％、HE排放19．92％、NOx排放51．19％、PM排放25％;在2000r／min的高怠速下可降低CO排放16．17％、NOx排放46．92％、PM排放16．67％。     

在用轻型汽油车排放随行驶里程劣化规律分析

基于佛山市3.5万条简易稳态工况(ASM)下的尾气排放检测数据,通过分类统计和线性拟合方法分析在用轻型汽油车的污染物排放浓度随行驶里程的劣化规律。分析结果表明,该地区轻型汽油车污染物排放浓度主要分布于低值区间,超过85%的样本数据低于最低排放限值;车辆排放劣化特征随行驶里程呈规律性变化,行驶里程在0~5万km时污染物排放缓慢增长,5万~16万km时呈快速线性增长,16万km后震荡缓慢增长;行驶里程在16万km前,不同车型的排放特征存在一定差异,其中轻型货车和轻型客车的排放浓度高、劣化速度快;CO、HC、NO随行驶里程的劣化规律可用线性增长模型表示。本研究结论可为预测机动车污染变化趋势、完善在用车检查/维护制度、高排放车辆识别和淘汰等方面提供理论支持。     

改性疏水硅胶用于油气吸附解吸的研究

吸附法为油气回收的常用方法,对吸附剂的研究有着重要的意义。为了开发出高吸附量、高热稳定性和疏水性的油气回收专用硅胶,对常规硅胶的物理及化学改性方法进行了研究。通过分析热处理温度、热处理时间及升温速度等因素对改性硅胶吸附效果的影响,提出了汽油油气吸附率高、吸水率低的硅胶改性条件为:酒石酸改性剂,热处理温度550~650℃,热处理时间3~10 h,升温速度3~10℃/min。同时,研究了影响改性硅胶解吸效果的因素,结果表明,真空度越高,温度越高,解吸次数越多,改性硅胶的解吸率越高。     

加油站油气扩散与回收效果的数值分析

加油站排放出的油气是有毒有害的气体。目前控制油品蒸发损耗的有效方法是采用油气回收系统。基于湍流模式理论,采用FLUENT软件,模拟加油站在使用油气回收系统前后空气中油气浓度分布情况及风对油气扩散的影响,得到油气浓度等值面图、直线及点上浓度变化曲线图。模拟结果表明,实施油气回收,其大气净化率可高达95％以上,因此明显减小加油站火灾隐患及环境污染,并可减少经济损失及节约加油站占地面积。另外,风对油气扩散稀释有明显的影响,如距排放口下风侧5 m处,相对于风速１ m/s,风速为5、8 m/s时的大气净化率分别为54％、71％。虽然无法降低油气排放总量,但是随着风速的增加大气净化率随之变大,可以减少油气浓度值过高造成的危害。     

废水中氰化物测定方法的探讨

异烟酸—吡唑啉酮比色法检测水中氰化物的标准方法中使用的有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺具有一定毒性且显色条件为水浴恒温,操作较繁琐。改进方法为用无水乙醇替代N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为溶剂且显色条件为室内恒温。通过实验室分析,对比标准方法与改进方法对水中氰化物的测定。结果表明,改进方法的精密度和准确度均满足测定分析要求,同时避免了试剂的二次污染对人体的危害,又在一定分程度上简化了实验操作。     

Production of Ethanol by an Integrated Valorization of Olive Oil Byproducts. The Role of Phenolic Inhibition (2 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Agricultural industrial wastes can frequently be used as raw materials in the production of bio-fuels. Olive-oil milling wastewater is considered as one of the most polluting agro-industrial residues, but fortunately due to its high content of organic matter, it has the potential to be a valuable starting material to obtain bio-ethanol via fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation of olive-oil milling wastewater has been demonstrated with good yield of ethanol (8-12%v/v) once the level of reducing sugars is appropriate and the phenolic fraction, which inhibits the yeast, is removed. Materials and Methods: - Results: - Discussion: - Conclusions: - Recommendations and Perspectives: -     

缸内直喷汽油车细小颗粒物排放特性研究

选取三辆满足国六排放标准的缸内直喷汽油车进行常温冷启动WLTC循环排放试验,研究不同车辆排放的粒径在23nm以上的固态颗粒物、6nm以上包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量排放特性,并进行了比较研究.结果发现,在缸内直喷汽油车排放的6~30nm范围内包含挥发性/半挥发性物质的细颗粒物主要产生在WLTC循环减速段､高速段和超高速段;30~2500nm范围的挥发性/半挥发性的颗粒物主要在超高速段生成;其它工况下,23nm以上固态颗粒物在颗粒物数量排放中占主体.试验研究还发现GPF对6~30nm大小的细颗粒物捕集效果不佳,并且GPF再生时会产生高浓度6~30nm大小的细颗粒物排放.颗粒物碳质成分分析表明挥发性/半挥发性细颗粒物对法规测量的23~2500nm颗粒物的数量排放影响甚微,但对颗粒物质量排放影响明显.     

Optimization of fermentation process for saccharide-based fuel ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae北大核心CSCD

低成本、高产量的发酵工艺是实现工业燃料乙醇经济和环境可持续性发展的关键,而不需要重大基础设施改变或投资.为获得酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)利用甘蔗汁生产燃料乙醇的最优发酵工艺,首先对发酵体系的氮源条件进行优化;其次,在单因素试验基础上,以乙醇发酵效率为响应值,通过响应面法优化了燃料乙醇生产的发酵工艺,并通过补料分批发酵技术在5 L发酵罐中进一步扩大发酵.结果表明,以1.0 g/L (NH)SO和1.0 g/L酵母提取物作为发酵氮源,乙醇发酵效率和得率比对照可分别提高4.80%、9.52%.响应面设计获得的最优发酵工艺条件为在总糖浓度150.0 g/L、酵母提取物浓度2.0 g/L、发酵时间24.5 h、pH5.0、外加(NH)SO浓度1.0 g/L时,最高乙醇发酵效率可达到91.10%.在5 L发酵罐中采用补料分批发酵获得的最终乙醇浓度达到98.92 g/L,发酵效率维持在90%左右,乙醇生产力最高达到3.81 g Lh.本研究获得了一种高效生产糖质燃料乙醇的发酵工艺,可在较短时间内获得高浓度乙醇且消耗较少氮源,结果可为进一步利用糖质原料进行高效生物炼制及高浓度乙醇工业化生产提供参考.(图6表6参30)