浙江沿海藻类共生细菌的生理生化特性研究

利用梯度稀释法,从浙江象山、朱家尖等海域所采集的几种海藻中分离出海洋细菌50株,运用杯碟法研究了其胞外代谢产物活性,结果表明,100%的菌株含有胶原蛋白酶、淀粉酶,96%的菌株含有酪蛋白酶,70%的菌株含有酯酶,30%的菌株含有卵磷脂酶、脲酶,还有6%含微量的壳多糖水解酶。同时将这50株菌分别培养在高温(55℃)、高盐(质量分数5.5×10-2)、酸性(pH4.5)环境中,同样对胞外产物活性进行分析。结果显示:外界环境胁迫下,水解明胶、淀粉、酪蛋白和吐温的酶活性仍然存在,但活性有了很大的变化。因胶原蛋白酶、酪蛋白酶能分解胶原蛋白等成分,淀粉酶具分解淀粉、糖原的作用,因此,这些细菌的产物对其他生物有毒害作用,可能是致病菌,也可能对已知致病菌起抑制、破坏作用。本研究为寻找海洋活性先导化合物,为海洋药物的开发等提供了广阔的前景。     

伊春河河水水溶性腐殖酸内源释放模型

以水溶性腐殖酸含量很高的伊春河为例，利用冬季冰封无外源输入的条件，在有产室内模拟研究的基础上，通过现场采样及测定，建立了伊春河河水水溶性腐殖酸的内源释放模型，根据同期采集样品进行的验证表明，该模型能够准确地反映河流沉积物中水溶性瘁殖酸向河水中释放的速率以及速率与流速等条件的定量关系。     

胞外聚合物合成与应用研究概况

介绍了胞外聚合物絮凝剂研究与发展概况;讨论胞外聚合物絮凝剂的结构、性能及作用机理;重点介绍了胞外聚合物絮凝剂产出、絮凝条件以及应用的研究;胞外聚合物絮凝剂研究的发展趋势。     

四氯化碳的生产与应用及其淘汰策略

四氯化碳是一种消耗臭氧层物质,其生产和消费都面临着严峻的淘汰形势.简要叙述了四氯化碳的生产技术,以四氯化碳为原料生产大宗化学品和精细化学品的转化技术,四氯化碳作为化工助剂在我国的应用情况以及相应的淘汰方法和技术进展.     

EuroBionet: a pan-European biomonitoring network for urban air quality assessment

EuroBionet, the 'European Network for the Assessment of Air Quality by the Use of Bioindicator Plants', is an EU-funded cooperative project currently consisting of public authorities and scientific institutes from 12 cities in 8 countries. In 2000, the bioindicator plants tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Bel W3), poplar (Populus nigra 'Brandaris'), spiderwort (Tradescantia sp. clone 4430), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum italicum) and curly kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) were exposed to ambient air at 90 monitoring sites according to standardised methods. Visible injuries and growth parameters were assessed and the accumulation of toxic substances in leaves determined. The exposure of tobacco resulted in a gradient with low levels of ozone-induced foliar injury in N and NW Europe, and medium to high values in the southern and central regions. The results of heavy metal and sulphur analyses in rye grass samples generally showed low to very low sulphur and low to medium heavy metal concentrations in leaves. In some cities, however, local hot spots of heavy metal contamination were detected. Analyses of the PAH contents in curly kale leaves gave low to medium values, with locally elevated levels at traffic-exposed sites.     

异养协同硫自养ABR系统还原高浓度高氯酸盐

构建新型异养硫自养ABR反应器,以处理含高浓度高氯酸盐（ClO₄^-）废水,并探讨该工艺对不同浓度ClO₄^-的还原性能及硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）的产生规律,同时解析ABR系统内生物量及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特性.结果表明：在HRT=12h,进水ClO₄^-浓度为300mg/L时,去除率可达99.60%,出水SO₄^2-浓度稳定在150mg/L内.进水pH值为7.8~8.0,随着还原ClO₄^-浓度的升高,异养段出水pH值逐渐升高至8.0~8.3,自养段pH值则逐渐降低至6.6~6.9,异养协同硫自养ABR系统可实现酸碱的平衡.此外,提高进水ClO₄^-浓度可促进EPS的分泌,且异养段第一格室微生物分泌的EPS最多,其含量可达到102.46mg/（g·vss）.EPS的分泌可以形成保护层以抵制外界的压力,同时也起到储备碳源和能源的作用.     

Nitrate removal and extracellular polymeric substances of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria under various pH and hydrogen flow rates

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria to treat nitrate from wastewater. However, our knowledge about the characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) releasing by these activities is not yet very advanced. This study aimed to investigate the change in EPS compositions under various pH values and hydrogen flow rates, taking into consideration nitrogen removal. Results showed that pH 7.5 and a hydrogen flow rate of 90 mL/min were the optimal operating conditions, resulting in 100% nitrogen removal after 6 hr of operation. Soluble and bound polysaccharides decreased, while bound proteins increased with increasing pH. Polysaccharides increased with increasing hydrogen flow rate. No significant change of bound proteins was observed at various hydrogen flow rates.     

Purification and molecular weight distribution of a key exopolysaccharide component of Bacillus megaterium TF10

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are organic metabolic compounds excreted by microorganisms. They largely impact microbial aggregate structures and functions. Extracellular polysaccharides (EP) in EPS are responsible for the formation of microbial aggregates. In this work, we successfully separated and characterized EP from EPS of the bacterium Bacillus megaterium TF10. Extraction of EP from EPS was optimized using Sevag''s reagent. Chemical characteristics, functional groups, and molecular weight (MW) distribu-tion of EP were compared with the harvested EPS and soluble microbial products (SMP). We found that the polymers of lower MW and free proteins were successfully removed by Sevag''s reagent. The higher MW components of EPS were predominantly polysaccharides, while the polymers of lower MW tended to secrete to the supernatant and were described as SMP. A part of the proteins in the EP was polysaccharide-bonded. Our results can be further used in elucidating the complex flocculation mechanisms in which EP play a major role.     

Insights into sludge granulation during anaerobic treatment of high-strength leachate via a full-scale IC reactor with external circulation system

In this study, a full-scale internal circulation(IC) reactor coupled with an external circulation system was developed to treat high-strength leachate from a municipal solid waste(MSW)incineration plant, in which anaerobic sludge granulation was intensively investigated. Results showed that the IC reactor achieved excellent treatment performance under high organic loading rates(OLR) of 21.06–25.16 kg chemical oxygen demand(COD)/(m3? day). The COD removal efficiency and biogas yield respectively reached 89.4%–93.4% and 0.42–0.50 m3/kg COD.The formation of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) was closely associated with sludge granulation. Protein was the dominant component in sludge EPS, and its content was remarkably increased from 21.6 to 99.7 mg/g Volatile Suspended Solid(VSS) during the reactor operation. The sludge Zeta potential and hydrophobicity positively correlated with the protein/polysaccharide ratio in EPS, and they were respectively increased from-26.2 m V and 30.35% to-10.6 m V and 78.67%, which was beneficial to microbial aggregation. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy(3 D-EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis further indicated the importance of protein-like EPS substances in the sludge granulation. Moreover, it was also found that the secondary structures of EPS proteins varied during the reactor operation.     

藻菌生物膜胞外聚合物与铅锌尾矿重金属的络合配位作用

矿产资源开采冶炼产生大量尾矿渣,其中富含的可溶性重金属引发的生态环境问题日益突显.铅锌矿是我国重要的矿产资源,尾矿露天堆放使得其富含的可溶性重金属淋溶迁移,对矿区周边地表环境造成严重污染.为探明自然水体环境中的藻菌生物膜与重金属的作用机理,采用三维荧光光谱技术研究干旱区天然湖泊中的藻菌生物膜EPS（胞外聚合物）与铅锌尾矿渣中5种重金属离子的络合配位作用.结果表明:①从藻菌生物膜EPS荧光光谱图中可检测出两个荧光峰,均来源于芳香类蛋白酪氨酸物质;②铅锌尾矿淋滤液中的重金属元素主要包括Pb、Co、Ni、Zn和Cd,且这5种金属离子均能有效淬灭EPS的荧光强度;③荧光淬灭滴定试验得出,Pb2+与EPS的络合能力最强,最大络合常数为4.523 1,最大结合位点数为1.177 5;Cd2+与EPS的络合能力最弱,最大络合常数为1.957 1,最大结合位点数为0.684 8;Co2+、Ni2+和Zn2+与EPS的络合能力相似.研究显示,藻菌生物膜EPS中含有的荧光基团与重金属离子的作用强度与金属离子的类型相关,二者的络合配位作用可能会影响重金属在水环境中的化学形态、迁移、生物有效性和生态毒性.