Ecological niche modeling of customary medicinal plant species used by Australian Aborigines to identify species-rich and culturally valuable areas for conservation

Customary medicinal plant species used by Australian Aborigines are disappearing rapidly with its associated knowledge, due to the loss of habitats. Conservation and protection of these species is important as they represent sources of novel therapeutic phytochemical compounds and are culturally valuable. Information on the spatial distribution and use of customary medicinal plants is often inadequate and fragmented, posing limitations on the identification and conservation of species-rich areas and culturally valuable habitats.In this study, the habitat suitability modeling program, MaxEnt, was used to predict the potential ecological niches of 431 customary medicinal plant species, based on bioclimatic variables. Specimen locality records were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal and from Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH).Ecological niche models of 414 predicted species, which had 30 or more occurrence points, were used to produce maps indicating areas that were ecologically suitable for multiple species (concordance of high predicted ecological suitability) and having cultural values. For the concordance map, individual species niche models were thresholded and summed. To derive a map of culturally valuable areas, customary medicinal uses from Customary Medicinal Knowledgebase (CMKb) (www.biolinfo.org/cmkb) were used to weight individual species models, resulting in a value within each grid cell reflecting its cultural worth.Even though the available information is scarce and fragmented, our approach provides an opportunity to infer areas predicted to be suitable for multiple species (i.e. concordance hotspots) and to estimate the cultural value of a particular geographical area. Our results also indicate that to conserve bio-cultural diversity, comprehensive information and active participation of Aboriginal communities is indispensable.     

鼎湖山南亚热带森林生态系统服务价值动态

以鼎湖山3个南亚热带森林演替典型阶段生态系统为对象,采用我国《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T 1721—2008）标准化计算公式与服务价格,量化揭示南亚热带森林生态系统演替过程中生态系统服务功能价值动态。结果表明：随着演替的进行,南亚热带森林生态系统服务功能总价值不断增大;但各分项服务功能价值则表现出不同的动态规律与变化幅度,从而使得森林生态系统服务结构呈现非线性演化特征。在南亚热带森林生态系统演替的早期阶段,生态系统服务价值的最大组分是涵养水源的功能价值,而中、后期则是保育土壤。人工林营造可以有效增强区域生态系统的水源涵养能力,而保育演替中、后期森林则对于大气CO2收和土壤保育而言尤为重要。     

水分条件对中山杉406光合特性的影响

采用室内盆栽方式,以两年生落羽杉属杂交树种＂中山杉406＂（Taxodium‘Zhongshanshan 406’）为试验材料,设置对照、渍水和淹水3种处理,研究了水分条件对中山杉406叶片的叶绿体色素、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2摩尔分数（Ci）等光合特性的影响。结果表明,中山杉406的叶绿素a、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜素质量分数随土壤水分增加而逐渐降低,但处理间均无显著差异。同样,不同处理间的Tr、Gs和Ci等光合参数无明显规律。光合-光强响应曲线表现出明显的光饱和限制。不同光强下,对照与淹水处理的中山杉406叶片净光合速率高于渍水处理,但处理间没有显著差异。而光饱和在对照处理显著（P〈0.05）高于渍水和淹水处理。在渍水和淹水下,中山杉406的光合特性没有发生明显变化,表明其具有良好的耐湿耐水特性,在湿地的恢复与构建方面有广阔的应用前景。     

遥感法与高怠速法尾气排放状况对照检测试验研究

募集100辆点燃式发动机在用汽车进行遥感法和高怠速法尾气排放对照检测试验。结果表明,多数车辆CO遥测值比高怠速值大,HC则相反。通过对高怠速值(y)与遥测值(x)进行回归分析,得到CO的回归方程为y=0.81x+453.03,t检验显示方程具有线性(α=0.10)。如果将两种方法配合使用,可以有效提高机动车尾气排放日常管理的效果。     

SVD法在广西秋冬季旱涝分析中的应用

应用奇异值分解(SVD)方法,分析了500hPa高度场在广西秋季和冬季旱涝年的气候差异,分析结果表明:冬季前期500hPa高度场SVD分解的第一模态收敛速度比秋季快,但两个季度第一、第二奇异向量的累积方差都在60%以上,可见两个季度第一、第二奇异向量对应的SVD模态是最主要的SVD模态,代表了两要素场相互作用的主要特征。     

黄河口表层沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学特征

为了探讨多重环境因素变化下黄河口沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学行为,研究了2011年7～8月黄河口14个表层沉积物样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As和Hg等6种重金属的分布特征、环境影响因素及其生态风险.结果表明,黄河口表层沉积物中6种重金属平均含量分别为Cu:(16.5±2.7)mg.kg-1,Pb:(16.0±3.4)mg.kg-1,Zn:(21.0±3.3)mg.kg-1,Cr:(17.4±3.1)mg.kg-1,As:(6.5±1.2)mg.kg-1,Hg:(0.044 4±0.030 7)mg.kg-1.与我国近海其它区域比较,研究区域重金属含量均处于较低水平.表层沉积物中河口南侧沉积物中重金属含量比北侧高,并随河口向外沉积物中重金属含量逐渐降低,此分布趋势在莱州湾西南部尤为明显.重金属间无显著相关关系,重金属含量与细颗粒物、总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)之间亦无显著相关关系,表明黄河口表层沉积物中重金属受到汛期黄河上游复杂来源的影响,且粒度、TOC皆非主控因素;TOC与黏土的相关系数达0.724(P<0.05),显示TOC更易富集于黏土中.与多种背景值及一致性沉积物质量基准比较,黄河口部分站位Pb含量超出背景值,但该含量水平引发有害生物效应的可能性不大,尽管重金属含量偏低,生态风险较小,但近年来Hg、Pb的风险有升高的趋势.     

Study on Human Capital Valve Quantity Model and Investment Featuers

Human capital, the most active and valuable element ofproductivity, is the primary drive and crucial factor in thegrowth and development of modern regional economy.However, because of many different meanings about theconception of human capital and the complexity of itsevaluation, the measure and calculation of human capitalhas become a difficult problem. As yet, there is neither acommon measure means of human capital nor enoughcognition of its investment features.1 HUMAN CAPITAL VALUE …     

VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF CHILEAN TEMPERATE RAINFORESTS

The Valdivian Rainforest Ecoregion (35°–48° S) in southern South America is among the ecosystems with highest conservation priority worldwide due to its rich diversity, degree of endemism, and critical conservation status. Temperate rainforests in this vast area are essential as source of biological resources and to maintain different ecosystem services which remain largely unmeasured and unvalued. Consequently, the benefits they provide are not reflected in decision-making regarding forest management and conservation. Based on existing studies and results from ongoing research we describe selected ecosystem services and provide estimates of their economic value. Timber benefits for secondary forests expressed as net present stumpage values were US$ 3742 ha⁻¹ and US$ 3093 ha⁻¹ for sustainable forest management (SFM) and unsustainable harvesting, respectively. Timber benefits for old growth forests␣equaled US$ 4546 ha⁻¹ and US$ 5718 ha⁻¹, for SFM and unsustainable harvesting, respectively, using an 8% discount rate. Annual benefits from recreation were US$ 1.6 ha⁻¹ and US$ 6.3 ha⁻¹ for the two most important national parks located in the study area. The annual value of maintaining soil fertility was US$ 26.3 ha⁻¹ using the replacement cost of nutrient losses due to soil erosion. The annual economic value of water supply for human consumption using the production function method was US$ 235 ha⁻¹. These results provide valuable information on the kind and magnitude of values that could be relevant in decision-making concerning conservation and management of native forests in the Valdivian Rainforest Ecoregion.     

我国《土壤环境质量标准》现存问题与建议

环境立法是环境保护的基础,<土壤环境质量标准>的制定,对于保护我国的土壤资源起到积极的促进作用,但其也存在一些不足之处.文章从实际工作出发,探讨了本标准的现存问题,并对<土壤环境质量标准>的制定原则和污染物一、二级指标的确立及监测提出了一些建议.     

山东苍山MS5.2地震泰安石英倾斜仪异常分析

利用矢量曲线、γ因子等方法识别苍山ＭＳ５．２地震前泰安石英倾斜仪的前兆异常。分析认为：ＳＱ—７０石英倾斜仪反映出一定的地形变异常信息。