一株中度嗜盐菌的分离及生物学特性

从我国内蒙古吉兰泰盐湖的样品中分离得到一株中度嗜盐细菌菌株JLT-01,研究了其形态和特性.结果显示:该菌株为杆状,革兰氏阴性,无芽孢,无荚膜,无鞭毛;最适培养温度为30℃,最适生长pH值7.5,最适生长盐度10%~12%(m/V),最适生长Mg2+浓度3.0%(m/V);能利用葡萄糖、蔗糖、半乳糖作为唯一碳源生长.脂肪酸成分分析表明在JLT-01中主要脂肪酸为C16:0与C18:1ω9c,含量分别为26.39%和20.30%.Tm法测定该菌的(G+C)含量(摩尔分数)为52.3%.以该菌的16S rRNA基因序列为基础构建了系统发育树;16S rRNA基因序列的序列同源性比对表明该菌与海杆菌属Marinobacter lipolyticus SM19T的同源性为98.0%,与Marinobacter属内其它菌株的同源性在96.0%~99.0%之间.DNA-DNA杂交实验分析显示:JLT-01与M.lipolyticus DSM15157的杂交率小于70%.结果表明,菌株JLT-01是海杆菌属的一个新菌株.     

镉对籽粒苋耐性生理及营养元素吸收积累的影响

初步阐明了镉对籽粒苋耐性生理及营养元素吸收积累的影响,为进一步揭示籽粒苋的镉耐性与镉富集机理奠定了基础。通过对生物量的监测,对叶绿素、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、大量元素及微量元素等的含量的测定,阐明镉胁迫对籽粒苋生长生理、抗胁迫耐性、营养元素吸收分配的影响。研究结果显示,镉胁迫对籽粒苋的生长抑制作用不明显,植株生物量随着镉浓度的提高而轻微降低。随着镉处理浓度的提高,叶绿素含量下降幅度显著;蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量变化幅度不明显;钾含量无大幅变化;镉、磷、钙、镁、锌、铁、锰、铜含量变化幅度较显著。镉、钾、磷、锰的迁移系数随着镉处理浓度的提高无显著变化;钙的迁移系数呈上升趋势;镁、锌、铁、铜的迁移系数均呈下降趋势。这些结果表明：镉胁迫降低籽粒苋叶绿素含量,抑制植株光合作用,继而抑制了植株的生长,但其程度不明显;镉胁迫条件启动活性氧防御机制;引起植株体内部分养分代谢紊乱。结论：低浓度镉处理条件下,籽粒苋受镉离子影响,抗氧化能力下降。在高浓度镉处理条件下,籽粒苋调节了营养元素的吸收和分配,启动了一系列活性氧防御机制,提高了抗胁迫能力。     

Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou Province, China

Soil low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids (including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate) in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823 μmol·g^-1, with an average of 0.912 μmol·g^-1. The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.212±0.089, 0.302±0.228, 0.301±0.214, 0.014±0.018 and 0.086±0.118 μmol·g^-1, respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchangeable Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively correlated with inorganic anions (chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates) in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concentrations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.     

pH和有机酸对氟溶出砖红壤中铝离子的影响

研究砖红壤对F-的吸附反应尤其是随后Al3+的释放过程,有助于增进对土壤酸化过程及其环境影响的理解. 在初步揭示出F-吸附反应以及Al3+释放反应的动力学特征基础上,重点考察了pH和有机酸对上述反应的影响. 结果表明:土壤对F-的吸附反应十分迅速,2 min内吸附量即可达到24 h内总吸附量95%,而土壤中不同含铝矿物的溶解度差异使Al3+的释放过程在前15 min十分迅速,释放量可达24 h内总释放量的80%,随后则逐渐减缓. 降低反应体系pH可促进Al3+释放,但会使F-吸附量减少,这是因为伴随Al3+的释放,部分F-又可以AlF络合物的形态重新进入溶液,尽管在低pH条件下,土壤表面以带正电荷为主而有利于F-吸附. 草酸和抗坏血酸对土壤吸附F-均有抑制作用,但对F-溶出土壤Al3+有促进作用. 此外,草酸对土壤铁氧化物的选择性溶解作用,可使更多F-吸附在土壤铝氧化物位点,并导致Al3+释放量增加.      

不同原料堆肥胡敏酸的荧光特性

从以植物、鸡粪、生活垃圾、污泥、牛粪和杂草为主要原料的6种堆肥产品和草炭中提取胡敏酸类物质,对他们的激发、发射、同步和三维荧光光谱进行了研究. 结果表明:各荧光谱图中,草炭胡敏酸特征荧光峰出现在最大波长处,植物、牛粪和生活垃圾堆肥胡敏酸次之,鸡粪和杂草堆肥胡敏酸紧接其后,污泥堆肥胡敏酸最低,并且含有较强的类蛋白荧光. 各类堆肥的类富里酸荧光峰强度与类胡敏酸荧光峰强度的比值从小到大及腐殖质化程度由高到低均依次为0.708(草炭堆肥),0.893(植物堆肥),0.932(牛粪堆肥),0.940(生活垃圾堆肥),1.155(杂草堆肥),1.206(鸡粪堆肥)和1.521(污泥堆肥). 相对于草炭胡敏酸,堆肥胡敏酸普遍分子结构简单、芳构化程度较低,且具有较强的土壤元素活化能力,并且植物、牛粪和生活垃圾堆肥的胡敏酸在增大土壤环境容量及降低污染土壤中重金属移动性方面效果最佳.      

常温下内循环厌氧反应器的启动研究

研究了内循环厌氧反应器(IC反应器)在常温下处理葡萄糖配水的启动特性。结果表明:在运行温度为25~35℃的条件下,反应器经70 d启动完成,且IC反应器具有较好的处理效果,反应器内能形成大量的颗粒污泥。启动完成后,进水COD浓度在3 000 mg/L左右时,COD去除率一直保持在95%以上,出水COD浓度维持在200 mg/L左右。当HRT为5.8 h,容积负荷为11.9 kg/(m3.d)时,出水VFA低于200 mg/L,产气量为33 L/d,反应器运行正常。     

应用脂肪酸甲酯淋洗去除土壤中多环芳烃

针对煤气厂土壤等高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤修复困难的现实,采用易生物降解的新型淋洗剂脂肪酸甲酯淋洗修复高浓度多环芳烃污染的土壤,同时进行了以甲醇、植物油(大豆油)作为淋洗剂的淋洗实验,比较不同淋洗剂的淋洗效果.结果证明脂肪酸甲酯对人工模拟污染土壤中蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)芘的去除率可以达到80%—95%,对煤气厂土壤中多环芳烃的去除效果也非常明显,总多环芳烃的去除率达到41%.脂肪酸甲酯的淋洗效果要优于其它两种淋洗剂.     

Improved speciation of dissolved organic nitrogen in natural waters: amide hydrolysis with fluorescence derivatization

The objective of this study was to improve primary-amine nitrogen (1°-N) quantification in dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from natural waters where inorganic forms of N, which may cause analytical interference, are commonly encountered. Efforts were targeted at elucidating organic-N structural criteria influencing the response of organic amines to known colorimetric and fluorescent reagents and exploring the use of divalent metal-assisted amide hydrolysis in combination with fluorescence analyse...     

Characterization of humic acids extracted from the sediments of the various rivers and lakes in China

The humic acids (HAs) isolated from the sediments of the various rivers,lakes,and reservoirs in China were studied using elemental analyzer,fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),and CP/MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.The results showed that the HAs were characterized by some common chemical and physicochemical properties,but they also pose some differences in the C-containing functional groups.The C/N,C/H,O/C,and O/H ratios differ widely for the various HAs,showing that the elemental comp...     

聚磷菌厌氧时吸收乙酸和丙酸的代谢模型

水体中存在过多的磷是造成水体富营养化的重要原因之一,聚磷菌（polyphosphate accumulating organisms）因为能过量吸收磷而倍受关注。厌氧时,聚磷菌能大量吸收污水中的挥发性脂肪酸,经过一系列的生化反应,为好氧吸磷做准备。经过总结在厌氧条件下,聚磷菌Accumulibacter吸收乙酸和丙酸代谢转化的化学计量方程,并对模型中系数、还原力的产生、糖原降解途径以及厌氧条件下最终产物PHA的组成进行了讨论,得出挥发酸是通过主动运输进入细胞,且糖原经过ED途径提供还原力,多聚磷酸盐水解提供ATP和释放磷酸盐于体外,最终产生PHA的假设过程。但是,经过众多模型试验,一些假设仍没有得到最后的结论,所以应该进一步用富集程度较高的污泥进行精确研究。本文最终希望利用聚磷菌的代谢模型在工程运用中发挥最大效用。