Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected watersystems: A critical review

This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems,including their formation, stability, toxicity, analyticalmethods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine (the difference between themeasured free and total chlorine concentrations), andmay include N-chloramines, N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that formduring disinfection are unstable,which results in difficulties in sampling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines. However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed frommany different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation.     

泰山夏季PM2.5中二元羧酸类SOA的分子组成及来源

为研究泰山夏季大气PM_(2.5)中二元羧酸类化合物的浓度水平、分子组成及来源,于2014年7~8月在泰山山顶进行PM_(2.5)样品采集,分析其二元羧酸类化合物、生物源二次有机气溶胶的示踪物(异戊二烯、α-/β-蒎烯及β-石竹烯的氧化产物)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)及无机离子.结果表明,泰山夏季PM_(2.5)中二元羧酸的总浓度为(376±189)ng·m-3,其中草酸(C2)的浓度最高,其次是丙二酸(C3)、丁二酸(C4)和壬二酸(C9).泰山地区二元羧酸总浓度高于海洋地区,但低于城市和其他高山地区,表明受人为污染影响较小.C2/C4、C3/C4和F/M比值表明二元羧酸主要来自光化学氧化,且氧化程度较深.C9占二元羧酸的相对含量、C9/C6和C9/Ph比值均高于城市、海洋与高山地区,表明泰山地区SOA主要受生物源的影响,而非人为源.通过与模式估算值的对比及相关性分析,进一步表明泰山夏季二元羧酸类SOA主要受当地生物源光化学氧化的影响.     

Effects of halobenzoquinone and haloacetic acid water disinfection byproducts on human neural stem cells

Human neural stem cells(h NSCs) are a useful tool to assess the developmental effects of various environmental contaminants; however, the application of h NSCs to evaluate water disinfection byproducts(DBPs) is scarce. Comprehensive toxicological results are essential to the prioritization of DBPs for further testing and regulation. Therefore, this study examines the effects of DBPs on the proliferation and differentiation of h NSCs. Prior to DBP treatment, characteristic protein markers of h NSCs from passages 3 to 6 were carefully examined and it was determined that h NSCs passaged 3 or 4 times maintained stem cell characteristics and can be used for DBP analysis. Two regulated DBPs, monobromoacetic acid(BAA) and monochloroacetic acid(CAA), and two emerging DBPs, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DBBQ) and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DCBQ), were chosen for h NSC treatment. Both 2,6-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ induced cell cycle arrest at S-phase at concentrations up to 1 μmol/L. Comparatively, BAA and CAA at 0.5 μmol/L affected neural differentiation. These results suggest DBP-dependent effects on h NSC proliferation and differentiation. The DBP-induced cell cycle arrest and inhibition of normal h NSC differentiation demonstrate the need to assess the developmental neurotoxicity of DBPs.     

Case study approach to modeling historical disinfection by-product exposure in Iowa drinking waters

In the 1980 s, a case–control epidemiologic study was conducted in Iowa(USA) to analyze the association between exposure to disinfection by-products(DBPs) and bladder cancer risk. Trihalomethanes(THMs), the most commonly measured and dominant class of DBPs in drinking water, served as a primary metric and surrogate for the full DBP mixture.Average THM exposure was calculated, based on rough estimates of past levels in Iowa. To reduce misclassification, a follow-up study was undertaken to improve estimates of past THM levels and to re-evaluate their association with cancer risk. In addition, the risk associated with haloacetic acids, another class of DBPs, was examined. In the original analysis, surface water treatment plants were assigned one of two possible THM levels depending on the point of chlorination. The re-assessment considered each utility treating surface or groundwater on a case-by-case basis. Multiple treatment/disinfection scenarios and water quality parameters were considered with actual DBP measurements to develop estimates of past levels. The highest annual average THM level in the re-analysis was156 μg/L compared to 74 μg/L for the original analysis. This allowed the analysis of subjects exposed at higher levels( 96 μg/L). The re-analysis established a new approach, based on case studies and an understanding of the water quality and operational parameters that impact DBP formation, for determining historical exposure.     

低分子有机酸对三峡库区沉积物吸附Pb2+影响研究

以长江三峡库区万州段消落带区的沉积物为研究对象,通过等温吸附平衡实验研究不同浓度的柠檬酸、草酸对沉积物吸附Pb2+的影响.实验结果表明:消落带沉积物对Pb2+的吸附量随着Pb2+离子平衡浓度的增加而增大,Pb2+平衡浓度在0.08～80 mg/L时,其最大吸附量为8 762.00 mg/Kg.不同浓度的柠檬酸、草酸会在不同程度上抑制沉积物对Pb2+吸附,2 mmol/L柠檬酸对沉积物吸附Pb2+的能力是浓度为4 mmol/L时的1.12倍,草酸条件下为1.02倍.即高浓度的低分子有机酸抑制消落带沉积物对Pb2+的吸附.     

低分子有机酸对硫杆菌活性的抑制作用及对土壤重金属脱除的影响

施用有机肥能够降低污染土壤重金属溶解性和生物可利用性,但在淹水厌氧等环境中,有机肥会分解产生大量低分子有机酸,会抑制嗜酸性硫杆菌的生物活性.通过摇瓶实验研究了低分子有机酸对硫杆菌的毒害抑制效果和不同硫杆菌对各类有机酸的耐受水平.结果表明,纯体系培养下,A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans活性抑制率在72 h内达到90%以上,所需甲、乙、丙、丁酸最低浓度分别为41.2、78.3、43.2、123.4 mg·L~(-1)和81.9、230.4、170.1、123.4 mg·L~(-1).其中,甲酸对A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans的抑制作用最显著,A.thiooxidans相比A.ferrooxidans对4种有机酸具有更高的耐受性.新鲜重金属污染土壤在生物酸化初期(0 h)加入4种有机酸对后续土壤酸化过程影响较小,但12 h后加入有机酸却能使土壤生物酸化基本停止,导致土壤重金属脱除率大幅度下降.这为有机肥改良重金属污染土壤的生物修复可行性提供一定理论依据.     

典型南方水源氨基酸浓度变化与去除

氨基酸是天然水体中含氮有机物的重要组成部分,为明晰氨基酸在水库原水中的浓度变化及去除情况,于2015年5~10月利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对我国南方某市3个主要水库原水中20种常见氨基酸浓度进行连续监测,分析该市水库原水中氨基酸的空间分布与变化趋势,同时研究了不同处理工艺对氨基酸的去除情况.结果表明,不同水库原水中氨基酸组成有所差异,但主要氨基酸为天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、亮氨酸.水库C原水中各氨基酸含量没有明显季节性变化趋势,但夏季含量相对较低,秋季相对较高.此外,常规工艺与BAC-UF工艺对氨基酸的主要去除单元为混凝沉淀单元,O_3-BAC工艺对氨基酸的主要去除单元为主臭氧.常规工艺、BAC-UF工艺、O_3-BAC工艺对氨基酸总量的总去除率分别为94.42%、66.04%、49.75%.     

乙酸/丙酸作为EBPR碳源的动力学模型研究(Ⅰ) ——模型的建立

以活性污泥ASM2模型为基础,采用混合短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)作为基准物质,建立了增强生物除磷系统中聚磷菌和(PAO)的厌氧/好氧动力学模型.模型的显著特点是厌氧代谢过程中的糖原水解、聚羟基烷酸合成、以及聚磷水解速率由SCFAs的速率方程表示,并考虑了厌氧维持对动力学和计量学的影响.模型建立了过程计量学系数矩阵,包括3个溶解性组分、4个颗粒性组分,同时考虑了pH对代谢动力学的影响.最后,在PAO模型的基础上,建立了GAO的动力学模型,该模型包含7个过程,磷的浓度仅对其好氧生长有影响.     

无排泥条件下的膜-生物反应器系统处理焦化废水可行性研究

小试规模浸没式厌氧/缺氧/好氧-膜-生物反应器(A1/A2/O-MBR)系统用于处理实际焦化废水,在无排泥条件下连续运行160 d.考察了长期运行条件下系统对不同污染物的去除性能,并通过亲疏水组分分离和三维荧光光谱法,对进出水焦化废水中溶解性有机物(DOMs)特征进行分析.结果表明,A1/A2/O-MBR系统能稳定去除88.0%±1.6%的COD,99.9%的挥发酚,99.4%±0.2%的浊度和98.3%±1.9%的NH4+-N,相应的平均出水浓度分别为249 mg/L±44 mg/L、0.18 mg/L±0.05 mg/L、1.0NTU±0.2 NTU和4.1 mg/L±4.3 mg/L;最大TN去除率可达到74.9%.在系统160 d运行过程中,MLVSS/MLSS维持在90.2%±1.0%,没有出现无机物的积累;污泥的表观产率(MLVSS/COD)逐渐降低并最终稳定在0.035 kg/kg.在焦化废水DOMs的疏水酸性、疏水中性、疏水碱性和亲水物4种组分中,疏水酸性物是进出水中最主要的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和色度组分,分别占进出水总DOC的70%和67%,总色度的75%和76%.三维荧光光谱分析表明腐殖质类物质是系统出水中残留的主要难降解有机物和致色物质.     

Kinetic analysis of waste activated sludge hydrolysis and short-chain fatty acids production at pH 10

The accumulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a preferred carbon source for enhanced biological phosphorus removal microbes, was significantly improved when waste activated sludge (WAS) was fermented at pH 10. The kinetics of WAS hydrolysis and SCFAs production at pH 10 were investigated. It was observed that during WAS anaerobic fermentation at pH 10 the accumulation of SCFAs was limited by the hydrolysis process, and both the hydrolysis of WAS particulate COD and the accumulation of SCFAs followed first-order kinetics. The hydrolysis and SCFAs accumulation rate constants increased with a increasing of temperature from 10 to 35℃, which could be described by the Arrhenius equation. The kinetic data further indicated that SCFAs production at pH 10 was a biological process. Compared with the experiment of pH uncontrolled (blank test), both the rate constants of WAS hydrolysis and SCFAs accumulation at 20℃ were significantly improved when WAS was fermented at pH 10.