Modeling Residential Lawn Fertilization Practices: Integrating High Resolution Remote Sensing with Socioeconomic Data

This article investigates how remotely sensed lawn characteristics, such as parcel lawn area and parcel lawn greenness, combined with household characteristics, can be used to predict household lawn fertilization practices on private residential lands. This study involves two watersheds, Glyndon and Baisman’s Run, in Baltimore County, Maryland, USA. Parcel lawn area and lawn greenness were derived from high-resolution aerial imagery using an object-oriented classification approach. Four indicators of household characteristics, including lot size, square footage of the house, housing value, and housing age were obtained from a property database. Residential lawn care survey data combined with remotely sensed parcel lawn area and greenness data were used to estimate two measures of household lawn fertilization practices, household annual fertilizer nitrogen application amount (N_yr) and household annual fertilizer nitrogen application rate (N_ha_yr). Using multiple regression with multi-model inferential procedures, we found that a combination of parcel lawn area and parcel lawn greenness best predicts N_yr, whereas a combination of parcel lawn greenness and lot size best predicts variation in N_ha_yr. Our analyses show that household fertilization practices can be effectively predicted by remotely sensed lawn indices and household characteristics. This has significant implications for urban watershed managers and modelers.     

浅谈草坪的养护与管理

发展草坪将成为城市绿化建设中愈来愈重要的组成部分.通过草坪浇水、施肥、修剪、除草及病虫害防治,详细阐述了北方地区草坪的养护管理技术,充分说明了科学养管的重要性.     

INFILTRATION AND WATER QUALITY ON RANGE SITES AT FORT STANTON,NEW MEXICO1

ABSTRACT: The hydrologic impacts of livestock grazing schemes on selected plant communities and soils at Fort Stanton, New Mexico, were evaluated. Simulated rainfall was applied to 1 m²plots. On a mesa-top, infiltration rates for a grassland livestock exclosure and a pinyon pine-juniper community closely approximated each other and were significantly greater (P = 0.10) than either a moderate continuous or a heavy continuous treatment in a grassland community. Sediment concentration from the heavy continuous treatment was more than twice that of the other treatments. Infiltration rates on the hillside site were highest in a pinyon pine-juniper community receiving short duration grazing. Infiltration for this treatment was found to be significantly higher (P = 0.10) than that of a short duration grazing treatment, but not from a rest rotation grazing treatment on grassland. The short duration grazing treatment on a grassland had the highest sediment concentration, while the rest rotation grazing on a grassland and the short duration pinyon pine-juniper treatments were found to be similar. In the bottomland site, a fertilized and unfertilized treatment showed no significant difference in infiltration or sediment concentration, although twice as many animals were present on the fertilized treatment.     

施用农药化肥对滇池水体影响的调研报告

以滇池流域呈贡县花卉、蔬菜的种植为研究对象,进行了化肥农药施用造成的面源污染调查,分析了N、P对滇池水体的污染,初步提出了控制对策。     

Are Nitrogen-Fertilized Forest Soils Sinks or Sources of Carbon?

We developed a simple conceptual model that tracks nitrogen and carbon jointly through an N fertilized forest ecosystem. The stimulation of growth increases the litterfall and imports substrate for soil microorganisms. Microbial biomass forms according to the supply of C and N. The formation of microbial biomass is accompanied by respiratory C losses. The quantity of CO₂ efflux depends on the C use efficiency of microbes. When excess N is available, the microbial activity is accelerated and the demand for substrate is high. Litterfall supplies an insufficient amount of C to the soil. In such a case, labile soil C is mineralized and the net effect of N fertilization is a loss of soil C. A strong N fertilization effect on the aboveground biomass can offset the soil C loss. In the case of a low N dosage or high N losses due to leaching or emission of nitrogen oxides, the soil C loss is small. The conceptual model was applied to a case study. The field data, collected over a time span of several decades, could not support sound conclusions on the temporal trend of soil C because the spatial and temporal variability of the chemical data was high. The conceptual model allowed to give an evaluation of the fertilization effect on soil C based on reproducible principles.     

长期不同施肥措施对红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的影响

将红壤丘陵地区的荒地开垦为水田不仅可以防治土壤侵蚀,而且能增加土壤肥力,提高农田生产力.本文研究了红壤荒地垦殖为稻田,长期定位施肥15年后不同施肥措施下水稻土的有机碳和养分含量特征.结果表明:不同施肥措施包括不施肥条件下,15年水稻垦殖都提高了土壤肥力.不同施肥措施水稻土的pH提高了0.9～1.3个单位.耕层土壤有机碳含龟达到8.19～1O.13 g·kg-1,全氮含量达到0.89～1.20 g·kg-1,有机碳与全氮含最都有明显提高,且有机碳和全氮含量之间相关性极显著.水稻土耕层全磷含量在0.25～0360 g·kg-1之间,有效磷含量在2.2～20.9 mg·kg-1之间,化学磷肥的培肥效果好于有机肥(猪粪),有机无机磷肥配施能显著提高土壤全磷和有效磷库.土壤全钾还未有明显变化,土壤速效钾含量在40.4～142.5 mg·kg-1之间,不同施肥措施除氮钾肥处理外都造成了土壤速效钾含量下降,秸秆还田到目前为止对于土壤速效钾含量还没有明显作用.     

长期定位施肥田土壤酶活性的动态变化特征

为探讨长期施肥条件下玉米生育期内土壤酶活性的动态变化及其与土壤肥力的关系,该文对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤酶以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析.结果表明.土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰.土壤脲酶在玉米拔节期及成熟期出现两个活性高峰,土壤蔗糖酶在整个玉米生育期内活性变化幅度较小.长期施肥能明显提高土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性,其中有机肥与化肥配施对于增加土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性尤为显著.长期施肥降低土壤中过氧化氢酶活性.并且以NPK配施有机肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶活性降低幅度最大.土壤酶之问及其与土壤养分因子之间具有明显相关性,其中蔗糖酶、脲酶及磷酸酶与土壤养分各因子均呈显著或极显著正相关,除碱解氮外,过氧化氢酶与其余各养分因子呈显著或极显著负相关.     

Sperm traits in the quacking frog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Crinia georgiana</Emphasis>), a species with plastic alternative mating tactics

In species where males use alternative reproductive tactics and male phenotypes are confronted with different risks of sperm competition, theory predicts that between-male-type differences in sperm expenditure may evolve. In the frog Crinia georgiana big males can monopolize females, whereas small males often engage in polyandrous matings. Consequently, big males may experience a lower risk of sperm competition than do small males. We tested if the predictions from theoretical models can be applied to the mating system of C. georgiana. Our results showed that small males do not have larger testes relative to their body size compared to their larger counterparts and that the efficiency with which sperm number, size, motility, and longevity are produced by the testes does not differ between small and large males in the predicted way. These results are not in alignment with predictions from a loaded raffle model of sperm competition on sperm expenditure in males with alternative phenotypes. The plasticity in mating tactics used by C. georgiana males and a high intraseasonal variation in male densities may have prevented the evolution of enhanced sperm performance in smaller males. A fair raffle in the sperm competition game played by C. georgiana males could also explain the observed patterns in sperm traits. Future investigations determining the parameters responsible for the deviation from theoretical predictions in this system will test the degree to which current theoretical models can indeed be applied to species with plastic reproductive tactics.     

平衡施肥与秸秆覆盖对紫色土坡耕地养分及其化学计量的影响

为探究长期平衡施肥和秸秆覆盖对紫色土坡耕地土壤养分及其化学计量比的影响,以垫江县长期农田氮磷流失监测点为研究样地,设置3个处理：常规模式（CK）、平衡施肥模式（M1）和平衡施肥+秸秆覆盖模式（M2）,每个处理各设3个重复,共建立9个小区（长7 m×宽3 m）,并于2018、2019和2020年采集土样,研究不同处理下碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）和钾（K）含量及其化学计量变化特征.结果表明,2018年不同处理之间K含量差异显著,大小顺序为：CK>M2>M1;2019年不同处理之间硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量差异显著,表现为：M1>M2>CK;其他养分含量在同一年份不同处理之间差异均不显著.不同年份间各处理的土壤C和N含量差异不显著.2018年各处理中K含量均显著高于其他年份,其中,2018年的CK、M1和M2分别比2019年和2020年高78.26%和98.79%,19.13%和35.4%,54.49%和41.76%.P含量在CK和M2处理中均随着年份增大而减小,且2018年分别比2019年高20.29%和10.67%,比2020年高39.68%和17.33%.各处理不同年份间速效钾（AK）含量无显著差异,而NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N和速效磷（AP）含量差异显著,且均在2020年最高.土壤C ：P、C ：K、N ：P、N ：K和P ：K在不同年份间都表现出显著差异（P<0.05）.土壤C ：K、N ：K和AN ：AP分别于2018年和2019年在不同施肥模式间差异显著（P<0.05）.土壤C与N及P与K之间呈显著的线性正相关;土壤C ：K与C ：P、N ：K、N ：P和P ：K之间,N ：K与C ：P、P ：K和N ：P之间,N ：P与C ：P之间都呈显著的线性正相关;土壤P与C ：K和N ：K之间呈显著的线性负相关.土壤NO₃^--N与NH₄⁺-N、AN ：AP和AN ：AK之间,NH₄⁺-N与AN ：AP和AN ：AK之间,AP与AK和AP ：AK之间,AN ：AP与AN ：AK之间都呈极显著正相关.研究发现平衡施肥+秸秆覆盖是紫色土坡耕地较为适宜的管理模式.