微生物强化蜈蚣草累积土壤砷能力的研究

研究了外源添加微生物对蜈蚣草吸收砷能力及其根系参数的影响.通过室内盆栽试验研究表明,施放线菌PSQ、shf2和细菌Ts37、C13处理能明显促进植物生长.其中,shf2处理效果最显著,其生物量、根系活力和根系体积分别达11.5 g/po、t2.01μg/(g.h)、38.3 mL.施菌处理蜈蚣草植株砷含量均高于对照(CK)处理,其中Ts37处理地上部砷含量达最高837mg/kg,比同期CK处理高出206%;shf2处理地下部砷含量最高,达427 mg/kg,比同期CK处理高出88%.施用shf2菌的蜈蚣草砷积累总量最高,达5 804μg/pot,比同期CK处理高出136%.4种微生物处理在45 d内植物修复效率为8.9%~11.3%.施用微生物可有效提高蜈蚣草累积砷的能力,且以放线菌shf2效果最好.     

黄土台塬不同土地利用土壤有机碳与颗粒有机碳

为了探讨土地利用方式对土壤有机碳固定的影响,论文以乔木、灌木、草地和农田等不同植被类型,纯林和混交两种栽培模式的黄土台塬为研究对象,进行了土壤有机碳(SOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)分析。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤SOC和POC在0~100 cm土体中均存在差异,尤以0~40 cm深度突出,其中灌木林地和天然草地在整个剖面上可积累更多的SOC和POC;不同土地利用方式土壤细颗粒有机碳(FPOC)含量、分配比例及其在剖面上的分布变化均小于粗颗粒有机碳(CPOC),在0~100 cm土体中,CPOC敏感性指标分别为SOC、FPOC和POC总量的2.66~13.56、3.75~5.99和2.58~4.17倍;不同土地利用方式土壤SOC与POC极显著相关,耕地SOC与POC相关性相对较小,乔灌混交林地和乔木林地最大。因此,CPOC和FPOC均可作为衡量土地利用方式转变对于土壤影响的评价指标之一。     

偶极荷电静电除尘器伏安特性及收尘性能研究

提出一种新型的静电除尘器,即偶极荷电静电除尘器,分析了其收尘机理,主要包括离子风、电场力及电凝并,利用PIV技术对离子风进行了测定,并对其伏安特性及收尘性能进行了实验研究,结果表明:离子风速度约为2m/s左右;偶极荷电静电除尘器的电晕电流及对微细颗粒物的除尘效率均远高于普通的静电除尘器。     

接种Penicilliumsp.和根际分泌物对土壤甲磺隆的协同降解研究

通过接种Penicillium sp.和模拟小麦根际环境的方法,研究了甲磺隆在Penicillium sp.和小麦根际分泌物协同作用下的生物降解特性.结果表明,根系分泌物丰富了土著微生物和外源微生物,对甲磺隆的降解具有显著的促进作用.接种Penicillium sp.的根际土壤中甲磺隆降解半衰期为8.6 d,其降解速率是接种Penicillium sp.的非根际土壤的1.8倍,是普通根际土壤的2.7倍.继续追加甲磺隆的试验表明,接种菌株Penicillium sp.对甲磺隆的降解具有可持续性.     

Changes in groundwater levels and the response of natural vegetation to transfer of water to the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Restoration and reconstruction of the degraded Tarim River ecosystem is an important challenge.A goal of an ecological water conveyance project is to protect and restore the natural vegetation in the lower reaches of Tarim River by transferring water from Bosten Lake,through the river channel,to the lower reaches.This study describes the changes in groundwater depth during the water transfer and the respondence of riparian vegetation to alterations in groundwater levels.The results indicate that groundwater depth along the Tarim River channel has a significant spatial-temporal component.Groundwater levels closest to the river channel show the most immediate and pronounced changes as a response to water transfer while those further away respond more slowly,although the observed change appears to be longer in duration.With a rise in the groundwater level,natural vegetation responded with higher growth rates,biomass and biodiversity.These favorable changes show that it is feasible to protect and restore the degraded natural vegetation by raising the groundwater depth.Plant communities are likely to reflect the hysteresis phenomenon,requiring higher water levels to initiate and stimulate desired growth than what may be needed to maintain the plant community.Because different species have different ecologies,including different root depths and densities and water needs,their response to increasing water availability will be spatially and temporally heterogenous.The response of vegetation is also influenced by microtopography and watering style.This paper discusses strategies for the protection and restoration of the degraded vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and provides information to complement ongoing theoretical research into ecological restoration in arid or semi-arid ecosystems.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.     

不同类型沉积物磷形态转化及其对狐尾藻生长的影响

在室内模拟条件下利用不同类型沉积物培养穗状狐尾藻,分析了沉积物与上覆水各形态磷的变化,以及狐尾藻生物量和根系形态的差异,揭示不同沉积物中各形态磷的转化特性及其对沉水植物生长的影响.结果表明,在研究条件下,外加细沙改变了沉积物的颗粒度,促进沉积物中磷的释放,增加了上覆水磷浓度;外加氮源,改变沉积物的化学性状,抑制沉积物中磷的释放,降低了上覆水中磷的浓度;添加细沙使狐尾藻植株及根系干重增加了49%和107%,根长增加了19%;而外加氮源对植株根系生长产生了抑制作用,使狐尾藻早衰;狐尾藻生长促进了沉积物中磷的释放,其衰退增加了沉积物中磷的沉积,各形态磷随着狐尾藻的生长呈先降后升趋势,其中以Fe/Al-P变化量最大(41%～57%);根系长度是影响狐尾藻对沉积物中磷吸收和释放的主要形态指标,根直径主要通过影响沉积物的通透性间接促进沉积物中磷的释放.     

城区飞散致敏花粉与大气细/超细颗粒物的协同生物效应研究

城市大气颗粒物污染和致敏花粉的污染已经对人群健康和城市空气质量产生了较为严重的影响.这2种污染物的协同生物效应正在成为大气环境科学、环境毒理学、免疫学等学科研究的前沿和热点研究领域.以上海大气中的细/超细颗粒物和日本关东地区致敏花粉(柳杉)为例,阐述了大气细/超细颗粒物的表征以及花粉致敏的过程.在研究中,观察到了日本柳杉花粉壁附着有直径0.7μm的含变应原蛋白的微粒(Ubisch body),并用ELISA法揭示了日本关东地区大气颗粒物中含变应原蛋白的颗粒主要分布在1μm的粒径范围内;而在上海大气颗粒物中,化学元素总量的最大值出现在细/超细粒径颗粒物(0.3～0.18μm)范围,污染元素S和Pb的质量浓度在超细(纳米尺度)/细颗粒物中比在其他粒径范围颗粒物中要高,另外还发现在上海大气颗粒物中有植物花粉的存在.城市大气颗粒物中的主要组分,柴油机车尾气颗粒物(DEPs)与飞散花粉之间存在协同生物效应,但其机制和过程还不清楚,在最新研究成果的基础上并结合国内外相关研究领域的进展,对飞散花粉与大气细/超细颗粒物的协同生物效应的研究进行了总结并提出今后研究的方向.     

应用蚕豆根尖微核技术检测洗发水的安全性状况

本文选择两种洗发水为研究对象,以松滋青皮豆为研究材料,通过试验应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术并结合生物量分析检测洗发水的毒性,结果表明:两种洗发水均能使蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率显著上升,并且随着处理液的浓度上升,微核率也相应增大,表明其具有较强的诱变效应;通过污染指数的分析表明,洗发水属于污染物,在极高浓度下具有非常强的致突变能力;生物量分析显示,随着处理液浓度的升高,蚕豆种子的生物量变化总体上呈下降趋势,但低浓度处理液可能具有一定的促进细胞分裂生长的作用。综合分析得出,洗发水的安全性状况存在问题。