上海中心城区合流制排水系统调蓄池环境效应研究

于2006~2008年同步监测了上海中心城区成都路合流制排水系统20余次的降雨、径流和径流水质过程,研究了国内首座投入使用的城市大型排水系统调蓄池的环境效应.结果表明,调蓄池有效提高了排水系统排水能力,系统截流倍数可从3.87倍提高到6.90~9.92倍.对暴雨溢流和旱流试车溢流的年际平均削减量分别为9.10×104m3和8.37×104m3,削减率分别达9.00%和100%.对暴雨溢流COD、BOD5、SS、NH4+-N和TP的年际平均削减率分别为13.76%、19.69%、15.29%、18.24%和15.10%,相应削减量分别为41.21、12.37、50.10、2.12和0.29 t.a-1.调蓄池可100%削减旱流试车溢流污染,相应污染物的削减量分别为20.75、4.87、14.90、4.49和0.30 t.a-1.分析显示调蓄池设计标准、运行模式和降雨条件是影响调蓄池环境效应发挥的重要因素.     

“创设”抑或“改进”——环境行政拘留设置探微

2010年新施行的《环境行政处罚办法》第10条"处罚种类"中明文增加"行政拘留",从而被误读为创设了中国环境行政处罚的新型罚种,然而通过对于环境行政拘留立法的梳理可以发现相关规定仅仅是一种"改进"而非"创设",并且在展现亮点的同时存在需要进一步完善的盲点区域。     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

城市暴雨径流初期冲刷现象识别模式

有关城市暴雨径流初期冲刷现象（FEE）的评估方法迄今为止饱受争议,针对传统初期冲刷现象评估方法存在的弊端,提出了用最优分割模式（OSM）进行初期冲刷现象识别.两场暴雨（2009-8-3和2010-7-31）径流的案例分析表明：应用最优分割模式识别初期冲刷现象,对于无坡度的混凝土道路径流,平均初期径流控制量为6mm,而传...     

城市机动车道路面初期效应及初期径流弃除量探讨

路面径流污染是城市面源污染的主要组成部分,初期径流弃除被认为是一种有效的源头控制方法.对于初期径流、初期效应尚没有明确的定义,且路面冲刷规律较难把握,使得对路面初期径流是否弃除以及弃除最的确定都缺乏理论依据.通过对北京某典型机动车道路面径流水质的监测,分别用基于浓度和基于负荷两种初期径流定义方法对初期效应进行了判断,初...     

Economic and environmental analysis of standard, high efficiency, rainwater flushed, and composting toilets

The current sanitation technology in developed countries is based on diluting human excreta with large volumes of centrally provided potable water. This approach is a poor use of water resources and is also inefficient, expensive, and energy intensive. The goal of this study was to compare the standard sanitation technology (Scenario 1) with alternative technologies that require less or no potable water use in toilets. The alternative technologies considered were high efficiency toilets flushed with potable water (Scenario 2), standard toilets flushed with rainwater (Scenario 3), high efficiency toilets flushed with rainwater (Scenario 4), and composting toilets (Scenario 5). Cost, energy, and carbon implications of these five design scenarios were studied using two existing University of Toledo buildings. The results showed that alternative systems modeled in Scenarios 2, 4, and 5 were viable options both from an investment and an environmental performance perspective. High efficiency fixtures that use potable water (Scenario 2) is often the most preferred method in high efficiency buildings due to reduced water use and associated reductions in annual water and wastewater costs. However, the cost, energy, and CO(2)EE analyses all showed that Scenarios 4 and 5 were preferable over Scenario 2. Cost payback periods of scenarios 2, 4 and 5 were less than 10 years; in the future, increase in water and wastewater services would further decrease the payback periods. The centralized water and wastewater services have high carbon footprints; therefore if carbon footprint reduction is a primary goal of a building complex, alternative technologies that require less potable water and generate less wastewater can largely reduce the carbon footprint. High efficiency fixtures flushed with rainwater (Scenario 4) and composting toilets (Scenario 5) required considerably less energy than direct energy demands of buildings. However, the annual carbon footprint of these technologies was comparable to the annual carbon footprint from space heating. Similarly, the carbon savings that could be achieved from Scenario 4 or 5 were comparable to a recycling program that can be implemented in buildings.     

曝气稳定塘处理农村生活污水曝气控制条件研究

通过试验研究曝气稳定塘处理农村生活污水水力停留时间、曝气过程中塘内溶解氧和污泥浓度分布以及不同曝气周期对处理效果影响等问题,以期获得较好的处理效果和经济的能耗.结果表明,本试验曝气稳定塘条件下,4 d为本曝气稳定塘的最佳水力停留时间,间歇运行中曝气时间应该大于15 min,曝气稳定塘中各点在2～10 min内污泥浓度可逐渐达到平稳,各污染物去除效果最好的曝气周期为0.5 h曝气/1.0 h停气.     

电导率法测定平流沉淀池停留时间的研究

对电导率法测定平流沉淀池的停留时间进行研究并进行了实际应用,与传统的Cl-浓度测定法相比,电导率法简便易行,准确度也较高。     

城市降雨屋面、路面径流水文水质特征研究

为研究城市硬质下垫面径流的水文过程与污染物浓度变化特征,对北京市2006年6-8月的4场降雨进行路面和屋面水文、水质过程同步分析.结果表明,径流曲线与降雨过程线形状类似,波动幅度相对较小,滞后于降雨过程线5～20 min,屋面径流系数在0.80～0.98之间;路面径流系数在0.87～0.97之间.径流污染物的浓度是由累积排放规律决定的,路面径流的污染物浓度高于屋面径流,径流中COD、TN、TP的浓度均超过地表水环境质量标准V类水要求.各类污染物之间的相关性均处于显著性水平R=0.1以上,屋面径流颗粒物与有机物和阴离子之间的相关关系较大(＞0.5),而与氮磷等营养物质的相关系数较小(＜0.5);路面径流中,TN、1P与颗粒物的相关性有所增加.径流中各类物质大多存在初期冲刷现象,并受到污染物种类、下垫面特征、降雨强度和雨型等因素的影响.SS初期冲刷现象较其它几类污染物更为明显,路面较屋面更容易形成初期冲刷,低强度降雨不容易形成有机物和营养物质的初期冲刷现象.控制初期径流污染是北京市径流管理的有效措施.     

室内人员疏散时间快速预测模型研究*

为准确快速估算室内人员疏散时间,基于传统Togawa模型,提出1种基于出口处人员流动速率的室内人员疏散时间快速预测模型,并利用Pathfinder软件模拟某房间人员疏散过程,对比快速预测模型与传统Togawa经验公式计算结果。结果表明:快速预测模型计算量少,可获得更多更精确人员疏散信息。研究结果可为室内人员疏散提供理论支撑。