流化床微生物燃料电池基质降解动力学研究

研究了在30℃左右条件下,流化床微生物燃料电池(FBMFC)处理有机废水的基质降解动力学。在空气阴极、单室、无膜液固流化床微生物燃料电池中,以污水和椰壳活性炭为液相和固相,通过实验考察不同水力停留时间的污水COD变化。选取Monod模型和简单动力学模型,通过合理的假设推导出流化床微生物燃料电池处理模拟有机废水时的基质降解动力学模型。将实验数据代入到理论推导得到的动力学模型中,进行线性拟合和对比分析,得到Monod模型和一级反应动力学模型表达式。结果表明流化床微生物燃料电池基质降解为一级反应;Monod模型表达式为:t/s0-st=4.769 7/st+15.885,一级动力学模型为:lnCA=-0.025 32t+8.109 15,理论推导模型与实验数据具有较好的吻合性。     

采空区进风侧煤柱着火进行灭火时防止瓦斯爆炸的对策

以孔庄煤矿Ⅲ2水采区7337回风联络巷自然发火情况及处理经过为例,笔者介绍了在采空区瓦斯浓度较高情况下,采空区进风煤柱着火的火势发展情况与着火特点。分析灭火过程发生瓦斯爆炸的可能性;提出了在安全前提下灭火步骤、灭火措施和注意事项;总结了灭火工作中成功的经验与失败的教训,即在扑灭井下火灾过程中,必须做到:遵循“安全第一”的方针,制定科学、具体的灭火方案和正确、有效的灭火措施,要时刻加强火区气体成分检测,得出了防止瓦斯爆炸等一系列具有指导性的原则和行之有效的措施。     

采空区场流安全理论及其研究的新进展

提出采空区场流安全理论的概念,并对采空区场流流态、瓦斯涌出和自燃“三带”理论及自燃温度等数值模拟计算的发展历程进行概要总结;分析了当前采空区场流安全理论研究的最新进展和发展趋势。指出目前的现代通风安全理论研究正处在前所未有的历史变革时期,即从网络流通风安全理论到场流安全理论的过渡与统一。采空区问题(瓦斯涌出和自燃)应综合考虑特定开采条件下的采场漏风与供氧系统的背景环境。其理论研究的主流方向应是基于场流方法的灾害与各因素影响关系的分析,重点是灾害机理和多灾害间耦合等一般规律;技术手段是多孔介质渗流力学、多相气体扩散、综合传热理论和有限元数值模拟方法,关键是模型求解的收敛稳定性和流场分布解问题。     

阜新市化石燃料燃烧源大气污染物排放源清单及特征分析

为了向阜新市化石燃料燃烧源大气环境管理工作提供排放清单的理论依据,通过对阜新市(5区、2县、2园区)环境统计数据的收集和实地调查,结合本地化大气排放因子,建立了2017年阜新市化石燃料燃烧源涵盖SO_2、NO_x、PM_(2. 5)、PM_(10)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、CO、黑碳(BC)、有机碳(OC) 8类大气污染物的排放清单。利用Arc Gis 10. 2遥感技术,分析了大气污染物时空分配特征。研究结果表明:8类污染物排放量分别为11 915. 49、7 215. 33、3 607. 78、2 002. 96、4 594. 72、4 277. 05、384. 15、16. 62 t;各类污染物的贡献率以及区域空间分布特征均存在差异,但其在时间上表现出一致性(除PM_(2. 5)),即在时间上均表现出两个峰值,高峰分别出现在夏季的七、八月和冬季的十一月至一月;县区中彰武县污染物排放较多,市区中太平区污染物排放较多;火力发电和热力供应企业对阜新市大气污染贡献较大,应当重点管控。     

典型农药废盐热处理过程动力学特征

为了探究农药废盐热处理适宜性,采用热重分析法结合动力学模型分别对3种典型农药废盐--咪鲜胺、烟嘧磺隆和草甘膦废盐进行研究.试验结果表明咪鲜胺废盐仅有一个明显失重阶段,温度高于600℃后质量基本不发生变化,烟嘧磺隆和草甘膦废盐有两个明显失重阶段,温度分别高于300℃和450℃后失重速率明显变缓,三种废盐的明显失重温度和减重率均不相同,说明不同类型废盐的热解/燃烧特性存在明显差异;3种废盐各自的燃烧和热解的失重过程均较为相似,说明氧气的存在不会对热处理过程产生影响.并结合热处理动力学参数可知,废盐的热处理是复杂的反应过程,烟嘧磺隆废盐燃烧和热解所需活化能相近为0.297~5.894kJ/mol,热处理过程最容易发生,咪鲜胺和草甘膦废盐燃烧的活化能低于热解活化能,说明氧气会促进咪鲜胺和草甘膦废盐的热处理过程,废盐的热处理在空气气氛下即可.     

Efficient low-temperature soot combustion by bimetallic Ag–Cu/SBA-15 catalysts

In this study, the effects of copper(Cu) additive on the catalytic performance of Ag/SBA-15 in complete soot combustion were investigated. The soot combustion performance of bimetallic Ag–Cu/SBA-15 catalysts was higher than that of monometallic Ag and Cu catalysts. The optimum catalytic performance was acquired with the 5 Ag_1-Cu_(0.1)/SBA-15 catalyst, on which the soot combustion starts at T_(ig)= 225°C with a T_(50)= 285°C. The temperature for 50% of soot combustion was lower than that of conventional Ag-based catalysts to more than 50°C(Aneggi et al., 2009). Physicochemical characterizations of the catalysts indicated that addition of Cu into Ag could form smaller bimetallic Ag–Cu nanolloy particles, downsizing the mean particle size from 3.7 nm in monometallic catalyst to 2.6 nm in bimetallic Ag–Cu catalyst. Further experiments revealed that Ag and Cu species elicited synergistic effects, subsequently increasing the content of surface active oxygen species. As a result, the structure modifications of Ag by the addition of Cu strongly intensified the catalytic performance.     

Removal of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds with sodium hypochlorite and surfactant in a co-current rotating packed bed

A co-current flow rotating packed bed was applied to remove volatile organic compounds(VOCs) by sodium hypochlorite(Na Cl O) and surfactant(sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,SDBS) from air stream. Xylene was used as a model VOC herein. The effect of p H,concentration of Na Cl O and SDBS solution, liquid flow rate, gas flow rate and rotational speed on xylene removal efficiency and overall mass transfer coefficient(KGa) were discussed. Then, a correlation for KGa of the co-current rotating packed bed was proposed by fitting the experimental data of KGa and independent variables of liquid/gas ratio,rotational speed, p H, Na Cl O concentration and treatment time, which was in good agreement with the experimental data(the deviation ≤± 30%).     

Selection of cost-effective magnesium sources for fluidized struvite crystallization

Struvite crystallization has been considered a promising approach to recover phosphorus from wastewater. However, its practical application is limited, probably because of the high cost of magnesium(Mg). In this study, a comprehensive economic analysis was conducted using five Mg sources(MgCl_2, MgSO_4, MgO, Mg(OH)_2, and bittern) during the operation of a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor(FBR), using swine wastewater as the case matrix. First, the economic operating conditions were investigated, and subsequently, the performance and the costs of the five Mg sources were compared. The results indicated that the FBR could be operated most economically at pH of 8.5 and Mg to phosphorus(Mg/P) molar ratio of 1.5. Under these conditions, no significant differences in phosphorus removal and product quality could be found between the five Mg sources. Selecting the most economical Mg source was thus highly dependent on the prices of the reagents and Mg sources. Low-solubility Mg sources were preferable when NaOH was priced higher, while high-solubility Mg sources proved more economical when HNO_3 was expensive. The bittern was the most economical choice only when the distances for total inorganic orthophosphate removal and struvite recovery were shorter than 40 and 270 km, respectively. The current study provides an overview of the economic selection of an Mg source, which can help reduce the cost of struvite crystallization.     

Characterization of coal burning-derived individual particles emitted from an experimental domestic stove

Coal combustion in the domestic stoves, which is common in most parts of the Chinese countryside, can release harmful substances into the air and cause health issues. In this study, particles emitted from laboratory stove combustion of the raw powder coals were analyzed for morphologies and chemical compositions by using transmission electron microscopy(TEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDX). The coal burning-derived individual particles were classified into two groups: carbonaceous particles(including soot aggregates and organic particles) and non-carbonaceous particles(including sulfate, mineral and metal particles). The non-carbonaceous particles, which constituted a majority of the coal burning-derived emissions, were subdivided into Si-rich, S-rich, K-rich,Ca-rich, and Fe-rich particles according to the elemental compositions. The Si-rich, S-rich and K-rich particles are commonly observed in the coal burning emission. The proportions for particles of different types exhibit obvious coal-issue dependence. Burning of coal with high ash yield could emit more non-carbonaceous particles, and burning of coal with high sulfur content can emit more S-rich particles. By comparing the S-rich particles from this coal burning experiment with those in the atmosphere, we draw a conclusion that some S-rich particles in the atmosphere in China could be mainly sourced from coal combustion.     

添加剂对蜈蚣草燃烧过程中砷迁移规律的影响

蜈蚣草是砷（As）的超富集植物,为了研究CaO、MgO以及白云石对蜈蚣草燃烧过程中砷迁移规律和赋存形态的影响,利用管式炉装置进行了一系列的实验,结果表明：3种添加剂在400~700℃温度区间固砷效果明显,MgO的固砷效果最佳、CaO其次、白云石最差.CaO和MgO的最佳固砷温度为500℃,最佳固砷效率分别为17%和14%;白云石的最佳固砷温度为700℃,最佳固砷效率为10%.燃烧温度在400~500℃时,掺混添加剂会使底灰中可溶砷的比例提高约5%,这是由于温度较低时,这3种添加剂主要是通过物理吸附对砷进行固定;而当温度超过800℃时,底灰中可溶砷的比例降低约10%,这是由于添加剂影响了底灰对砷的自固定,减少了可溶性砷化合物的形成.当温度低于700℃时,掺混添加剂会使底灰中出现少量As³⁺.