硅肥施用对重金属污染土壤甘蔗镉吸收的影响研究初探

长期采用受铁矿尾矿水污染的河水进行灌溉的农田,其土壤存在一定重金属镉污染,且土壤酸化严重,有效硅活性低。甘蔗是需硅量较大的植物,因此在甘蔗种植过程中施用碱性硅肥既可补充硅营养又可通过硅肥控制镉的吸收。本试验通过硅肥不同施用量及基肥、基肥＋追肥的施用方式的比较,结果表明：在甘蔗种植中一次性施用硅肥1500 kg·hm-2,可以使土壤中活性较高的弱酸提取态镉占镉总量的比例从38.45%下降到32.51%,而甘蔗不能利用的残渣态镉的占比从11.19%提高到14.78%;硅肥分为基肥与追肥两次施用的方式,其对土壤镉的形态的影响也存在相似的规律,且变化趋势更加显著,弱酸提取态镉占比从40.93%下降到35.47%,降幅更加显著;同样残渣态镉则随着硅肥施用量的增加而增加,其占比从16.26%增加到22.66%;施用硅肥能有效降低甘蔗汁中镉的含量,从一次性作为基肥施用的结果来看,每公顷施用375~1500 kg硅肥,其蔗汁中镉含量随施肥量增加而下降,从168.54μg·L-1降至57.87μg·L-1,降幅为28.26%~60.30%;蔗渣中镉含量也有相似的变化趋势,从468.36μg·kg-1降至377.77μg·kg-1,降幅为7.86%~19.34%;采用基肥＋追肥施用硅肥,无论是蔗汁还是蔗渣,其镉的含量同样随硅肥施用量的增加而下降,蔗汁镉含量的降幅更大,最高可降81.18%,从而达到降低甘蔗汁及蔗渣中镉含量水平的目的。     

铜绿微囊藻与附生假单胞菌静态吸磷的比较

利用磷饥饿的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystisaeruginosa)和附生假单胞菌(Pseudomonassp.)进行静态吸磷的比较研究,并分析不同温度对吸磷速率的影响.结果表明,铜绿微囊藻和附生假单胞菌都有快速吸收外界磷的能力,铜绿微囊藻的最大吸磷速率为1.11mg/(mg穐),附生假单胞菌最大吸磷速率达到4.79mg/(mg穐).静态吸磷在1h内基本达到平衡,铜绿微囊藻最大磷含量为1.03%,附生假单胞菌最大磷含量能达到3.01%,提高温度有利于铜绿微囊藻和附生假单胞菌对外界磷的吸收.在铜绿微囊藻和附生假单胞菌竞争吸收外界磷时,附生假单胞菌的吸收速率和细胞内最大磷含量均明显高于铜绿微囊藻.     

螺旋升流式反应器脱氮除磷系统的运行效果与污泥性能分析

对螺旋升流式反应器脱氮除磷及去除COD的运行效果进行了研究 ,该系统连续稳定运行 6个月的结果表明 ,能保证出水平均质量浓度TN小于 1 0mg/L ,TP小于 0 5 0mg/L ,COD小于 31mg/L ,对TN、TP和COD的去除率分别达 86 %、96 %和 94 %以上。并且对SUFR系统的污泥性能进行了分析 :(1 )螺旋升流特征使本反应系统中的污泥易于颗粒化 ;(2 )SUFR系统中的微生物种群具有多样性 ;(3)污泥在好氧反应器中表现出了同步硝化反硝化功能 ;(4 )污泥在缺氧反应器表现出了反硝化吸磷现象     

萝卜对邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)吸收累积特征及途径的初步研究

利用玻璃室处理和覆土处理(人工污染土壤上覆盖原土壤)的方法控制萝卜的PAEs来源进行盆栽试验,试验处理分别为:(1)原土壤,暴露于大气中(空白1);(2)原土壤,置于玻璃室中(空白2);(3)人工污染土壤,暴露于大气中;(4)人工污染土壤,置于玻璃室中;(5)人工污染土壤上覆盖2 cm厚原土壤,暴露于大气中;(6)人工污染土壤上覆盖2 cm厚原土壤,置于玻璃室中.盆栽后应用GC/MS对土壤和植株样品中的PAEs进行分析,初步研究了萝卜对PAEs的吸收累积特征及途径.研究结果表明,萝卜茎叶和直根中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的含量均低于检测限,邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的含量与土壤污染浓度成正相关关系,DBP的含量高于DE-HP,两者主要分布在茎叶中.未覆土处理与覆土处理相比,前者盆栽的萝卜茎叶中DBP和DEHP的含量均高于后者,但在2个处理之间差异不显著,表明萝卜茎叶可以吸收污染土壤中挥发出来的DBP和DEHP,但直根吸收运移是茎叶中DBP和DEHP的主要来源途径.玻璃室处理导致萝卜茎叶中DBP含量的提高,在大棚蔬菜生产中值得注意.     

水中毒物对硝化反应毒性的快速检测

本文描述了一种利用硝化细菌快速、灵敏的检测急性毒物的方法 ,该方法将ATU作为亚硝酸细菌的选择性抑制剂 ,通过测定硝化细菌的耗氧速率来反映毒物毒性作用的大小 ,同时测定毒物的EC50 值。将本方法应用于底泥毒性检测中 ,与传统方法相比结果一致。     

移动床生物膜反应器处理废水的特性研究

以氧吸收速率(Rou)为指标,研究了移动床生物膜反应器内两相污泥中自养菌和异养菌的生物活性.分别测定了不同温度和不同负荷下,反应区内悬浮相和附着相污泥的Rou.结果表明:温度为5 ℃时,自养菌的硝化活性为18 ℃时的60%左右;附着相微生物的硝化能力较悬浮相微生物低20%～30%;该反应器具有良好的抗低温和负荷冲击的能力.该反应器内2个反应区中附着相和悬浮相污泥的生物活性为:反应区Ⅱ悬浮相>反应区Ⅰ悬浮相>反应区Ⅱ附着相>反应区Ⅰ附着相.反应区Ⅰ,Ⅱ的反硝化速率分别为0.44和0.63 mg/(g·h),说明后者污泥的反硝化活性好于前者.试验结果还表明,在反应器内NO2--N的积累量非常低.      

Characteristics of Cd uptake and accumulation in two Cd accumulator oilseed rape species

Two pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate the characteristics of Cd uptake and accumulation by two Cd accumulator oilseed rape varieties and one Indian mustard grown on a loamy soil that had been artificially contaminated by different amounts of CdSO4 (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 mg/kg soil). The relationship between shoot Cd uptake of the two oilseed rape cultivars and the soil Cd concentrations could be simulated via quadratic equations. The curve showed that maximum shoot Cd uptake of Indian mustard was 314.7μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 87.8 mg/kg, while maximum uptake of the variety Xikou Huazi was 543.3 μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 69.1 mg/kg and that of the variety Zhongyou Za-lhao was 576.7 μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 84.0 mg/kg, suggesting that shoot Cd uptake ability of the two Cd accumulator oilseed rapes was significantly higher than that of the Indian mustard. Xikou Huazi had higher phytoremediation potential for Cd contaminated soil. Shoot Cd accumulation ability of the two Cd accumulator oilseed rapes was correspond and Cdwas easier translocated to the shoot than hyperaccumulator Indian mustard as comparation plant. Shoot Cd distribution pattern showed consistent and significant reduction from older leaves to younger ones of two oilseed rapes and Indian mustard. Cd uptake by oilseed rapes in growth prophase was higher than that of growth anaphase.     

Biological nitrogen removal with enhanced phosphate uptake in (AO)2 SBR using single sludge system

IntroductionBiologicalphosphorusandnitrogenremovalprocesshasprovidedsignificantbenefitstoameliorateeutrophicationofsurfacewaterwithoutexacerbatingsalination .Recentresearchesonnitrogenremovalaremostlyeithertowardsimprovementofperformanceandenergysavingsintraditionalprocessesortowardsdevelopmentofnewprocesses microorganismsthatareabletoconvertammonium oxidatednitrogenintoharmlessforms.Shorternitrificationanddenitrification ,i.e .partialoxidationofNH 4toNO-2 andsubsequentreductionofthelatterto…     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Influence of plant activity and phosphates on thorium bioavailability in soils from Baotou area, Inner Mongolia

Harm of thorium to living organisms is governed by its bioavailability. Thorium bioavailability in the soil-plant system of Baotou rare earth industrial area was studied using pot experiments of wheat and single extraction methods. The effects of wheat growth stage and phosphate on thorium bioavailability were also investigated. Based on extractabilities of various extraction methods (CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃, EDTA, HOAc) and correlation analysis of thorium uptake by wheat plant and extractable thorium, a mixture of 0.02 M EDTA + 0.5 M NH₄OAc (pH 4.6) was found suitable for evaluation of thorium bioavailability in Baotou soil, which could be predicted quantitatively by multiple regression models. Because of differences of wheat root activities, thorium bioavailability in rhizosphere soil was higher than in bulk soil at tillering stage, but the reverse occurred at jointing stage. Phosphate addition induced the mineralization of soluble thorium by forming stable thorium phosphate compounds, and reduced thorium bioavailability in soil.