Copper biosorption on immobilized seaweed biomass： Column breakthrough characteristics

The biosorption of copper by the brown seaweed Sargassum baccularia,immobilized onto polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)gel beads, was investigated with fixed-bed experiments.Laboratory-scale column tests were performed to determine breakthrough curves with varying flow rates and feed concentrations.A theoretical fixed-bed model,known as the Bohart-Adams equation,was evaluated in simulating the experimental breakthrough curves.The Bohart-Adams model qualitatively predicted the breakthrough trends.PVA- immobilized seaweed biomass beads were amenable to efficient regeneration with aqueous solution containing the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA).The biosorbent retained most of its original uptake capacity over three cycles of use.The excellent reusability of the biosorbent could lead to the development of a viable metal remediation technology.     

Phosphorus accumulation by bacteria isolated from a ontinuous-flow two-sludge system

In this article, polyphosphate-accumulating organisms （PAOs） from a lab-scale continuous-flow two-sludge system was isolated and identified, the different phosphorus accumulation characteristics of the isolates under anoxic and aerobic conditions were investigated. Two kinds of PAOs were both found in the anoxic zones of the two-sludge system, one of them utilized only oxygen as electron aeceptor, and the other one utilized either nitrate or oxygen as electron aeceptor. Of the total eight isolates, five isolates were capable of utilizing both nitrate and oxygen as electron acceptors to uptake phosphorus to some extent. And three of the five isolates showed good phosphorus accumulative capacities both under anoxic or aerobic conditions, two identified as Alcaligenes and one identified as Pseudomonas. Streptococcus was observed weak anoxic phosphorus accumulation because of its weak denitrification capacity, but it showed good phosphorus accumulation capacity under aerobic conditions. One isolates identified as Enterobacteriaceae was proved to be a special species of PAOs, which could only uptake small amounts of phosphorus under anoxic conditions, although its denitrification capacity and aerobic phosphorus accumulation capacity were excellent.     

NO2在高岭石表面的非均相反应研究

高岭石是典型的1∶1型层状结构的硅铝酸盐,研究其非均相反应对于了解粘土类矿物的非均相反应具有重要的意义.因此,试验以原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱（DRIFTS）为研究手段,对NO2在高岭石表面的非均相反应进行了系统的研究.结果表明,NO2在高岭石表面发生歧化反应生成NO3-和NO2-.相对湿度对非均相反应具有重要影响,有水汽存在时会增加反应的持续能力,但相对湿度的增加会使摄取系数降低.在干态和湿态条件下,NO2在高岭石表面的反应机理不同,干态下为二级反应,湿态下为一级反应.     

Predicting As, Cd and Pb uptake by rice and vegetables using field data from China

Plant uptake factor (PUF), single-variable regression of natural log-transformed concentrations in rice grain/vegetables versus natural log-transformed concentrations in soil and multiple-variable regression with soil concentrations and pH, was derived, validated and compared based on the paired crop and soil data collected from studies regarding As, Cd and Pb contaminated croplands in China. Results showed that the median value of PUF did not present deterministic prediction. But after natural logarithm transformation, the PUF followed Gaussian distribution which could be useful in risk assessment. The single-variable regression models were significant for As, Cd and Pb uptake both by rice and vegetables; however, the standard errors of all the regressions were comparatively large. Soil pH as a variable was generally significant but it only contributed positively to model fit for Cd uptake. After model comparison and selection, the upper 95% prediction limits of the multiple regression model for Cd uptake by rice was recommended to calculate screening value of Cd for paddy soil based on the limit for Cd concentration in rice grain.     

基于耗氧速率预警重金属对活性污泥的抑制性

基于耗氧速率(OUR)的预警技术,以Cu2+、Zn2+的例(ρ(MLSS)=2 000 mg/L)研究了重金属对活性污泥的抑制作用,剂量由20 mg/L提高至60 mg/L时,Cu2+和Zn2+抑制率为分别由33%、38%,提高至77%、63%,存在剂量-效应关系。考察得知:4种重金属离子在特定条件下毒性大小顺序为:Cu2+Zn2+Cd2+Cr3+。通过单因素和正交试验确定了最优运行参数:ρ(MLSS)为500 mg/L,HRT为10 min。在此条件下模拟毒性冲击的生产性试验表明:Zn2+和Cu2+(5 mg/L)冲击的平均抑制率分别为22.3%、56.6%,反馈时间20 min。因此,基于OUR的废水毒性预警技术能够及时、准确地反馈出重金属对活性污泥的影响。     

城市污泥及落叶蚯蚓处理最优条件因子实验研究

蚯蚓的环境生态作用具有促进微生物和其他土壤动物活动、消化分解土壤中重金属的功能,并且能够破碎与分解枯落物。通过城市污泥和城市落叶发酵后建立起蚯蚓养殖基床,以赤子爱胜蚓为主体,通过蚯蚓对污泥中重金属的富集作用实现城市污泥无害化,达到城市污泥与落叶资源化的目的。通过设计四因子四水平正交试验探索赤子爱胜蚓处理城市污泥及落叶的最优条件组合。实验结果表明:在落叶添加比例为35%,蚓床湿度为75%,培养温度为14℃,饲养密度为32mg/g时,赤子爱胜蚓对城市污泥和落叶的处理指标达到峰值,蚯蚓床对于污泥中重金属Cu和Zn的富集量分别为274.32μg/箱和420.98μg/箱,处理效果最佳。     

Reduction of wastewater toxicity and change of microbial community in a hydrolysis acidification reactor pre-treating trimethylolpropane wastewater

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) wastewater is one of the most toxic petrochemical wastewater. Toxicants with high concentrations in TMP wastewater often inhibit the activity of microorganisms associated with biological treatment processes. The hydrolysis acidification process (HAP) is widely used to pretreat petrochemical wastewater. However, the effects of HAP on the reduction of wastewater toxicity and the relevant underlying mechanisms have rarely been reported. In this study, an HAP reactor was operated for 240 days, fed with actual TMP wastewater diluted by tap water in varying ratios. The toxicity of TMP wastewater was assessed with the inhibition ratio of oxygen uptake rate. When the organic loading rates were lower than 7.5 kg COD/m³/d, the toxicity of TMP wastewater was completely eliminated. When the actual TMP wastewater was directly fed into the reactor, the toxicity of TMP wastewater decreased from 100% to 34.9%. According to the results of gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis, four main toxicants contained in TMP wastewater, namely, formaldehyde, 2-ethylacrolein, TMP and 2-ethylhexanol, were all significantly removed, with removal efficiencies of 93.42%, 95.42%, 72.85% and 98.94%, respectively. Compared with the removal efficiency of CODCr, the reduction rate of toxicity is markedly higher by HAP. In addition, the change of microbial community in the HAP reactor, along the operation period, was studied. The results revealed that, compared with the seed sludge, Firmicutes became the dominant phylum (abundance increased from 0.51% to 57.08%), followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (abundance increased from 59.75% to 25.99% and from 4.70% to 8.39%, respectively).

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不同水稻品种籽粒Cd、Cu和Se的含量差异及其人类膳食摄取风险

采用田间试验法,研究了江苏省57个水稻品种籽粒对太湖地区乌栅土中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收积累.结果表明水稻籽粒的Cd、Cu、Se含量的变化范围分别为0.099±0.039、4.86±2.595、0.035±0.007mg/kg,指示不同水稻品种对同一土壤中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收及其在籽粒中的积累存在有显著的差异.不同品种籽粒对Cu和Cd的吸收积累有同步的趋势,而高Se品种显示出抑制重金属Cu和Cd积累的倾向.不同品种籽粒中重金属含量的差异可能影响到人类重金属食物摄取的健康风险,57个品种中92%的样品的Cd含量超出USEPA推荐的人类摄取的籽粒临界含量.因此,在土壤重金属污染地区,必须密切注意高Cd、Cu吸收积累品种的大规模栽培.而筛选高Se低Cu、Cd的水稻品种进行品质育种是可能的.     

低温条件下生物陶粒反应器运行特性研究

针对官厅水库下游三家店水库水源进行生物陶粒预处理的现场试验,研究低温条件下生物陶粒反应器的运行效果及其特性.结果表明:当水温从10℃下降到0.5℃时,生物陶粒反应器对COD_Mn的去除率从20%左右下降到6%左右,氨氮的去除率从90%下降到65%.随温度降低生物陶粒反应器去除污染物的效果下降主要是由于微生物活性随温度的降低而下降造成的,陶粒表面的微生物量随温度的降低而减少,但是受影响的程度比活性小得多.陶粒表面的微生物活性与微生物量沿水流方向呈明显的下降趋势.     

组配改良剂联合锌肥对土壤-水稻系统镉迁移转运的影响

选取湖南省长沙市北山镇某中重度Cd污染稻田进行田间试验,通过连续种植早晚两季水稻,研究了组配改良剂LS （石灰石+海泡石）,同时结合土施Zn肥和叶面喷施Zn肥对水稻Cd吸收的影响.结果表明：①施用LS （2250 kg·hm^-2和4500 kg·hm^-2）的各处理均能使早、晚稻土壤pH值增加0.28~1.26个单位,土壤CEC增加7.7%~33.4%,而土施Zn肥（90 kg·hm^-2）和叶面喷施Zn肥（0.2 g·L^-1和0.4 g·L^-1）对土壤pH值无明显影响.②基施LS的各处理能使早、晚稻土壤中TCLP和CaCl₂提取态Cd含量分别降低11.5%~38.8%和24.0%~81.0%,土施Zn肥和叶面喷施Zn肥对土壤Cd两种提取态含量无明显影响.③单一处理均能显著降低糙米Cd含量,但降低效果均不如联合处理,组配改良剂LS联合Zn肥的处理（L1Z1F1、L1Z1F2、L2Z1F1和L2Z1F2）使早稻和晚稻糙米Cd含量分别降低64.9%~67.5%和56.1%~80.6%,其中L2Z1F1（4500 kg·hm^-2的LS+90 kg·hm^-2的Zn肥+叶面喷施0.2 g·L^-1的Zn肥）处理效果最佳.④各处理下水稻各部位Cd/Zn比显著降低,糙米中Cd/Zn比值与Cd含量呈极显著正线性相关,说明各部位中Zn含量的增加是稻米Cd含量显著降低的关键原因之一.组配改良剂联合Zn肥修复技术能有效阻隔水稻对Cd的吸收和转运,降低水稻糙米Cd含量,是一种能有效实现中重度Cd污染稻田安全利用的技术模式.