铜锌同位素方法在环境地球化学研究中的应用

近年来,随着多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)逐渐应用,过渡族金属(Cu,Zn和Fe等)同位素测试方法逐渐成熟,测定精度可达0.04‰,使得铜锌铁等同位素地球化学研究成为近年来国际地学研究领域的热点。本文对铜锌同位素的测试方法、分馏机理及其在环境地球化学研究领域的应用进行了较系统综述。     

Cancer and Non-Cancer Health Risk from Eating Cassava Grown in Some Mining Communities in Ghana

Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of the study revealed the following: cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME – Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE – Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately 1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters. The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1× 10⁻⁶ to 1× 10⁻⁴, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively.     

Biomonitoring in the Boulder River Watershed, Montana, USA: Metal Concentrations in Biofilm and Macroinvertebrates, and Relations with Macroinvertebrate Assemblage

Portions of the Boulder River watershed contain elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in water, sediment, and biota. We measured concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in biofilm and macroinvertebrates, and assessed macroinvertebrate assemblage and aquatic habitat with the objective of monitoring planned remediation efforts. Concentrations of metals were generally higher in downstream sites compared with upstream or reference sites, and two sites contained metal concentrations in macroinvertebrates greater than values reported to reduce health and survival of resident trout. Macroinvertebrate assemblage was correlated with metal concentrations in biofilm and macroinvertebrates. However, macroinvertebrate metrics were significantly correlated with a greater number of biofilm metals (8) than metals in invertebrates (4). Lead concentrations in biofilm appeared to have the most significant impact on macroinvertebrate assemblage. Metal concentrations in macroinvertebrates were directly proportional to concentrations in biofilm, indicating biofilm as a potential surrogate for monitoring metal impacts in aquatic systems.     

含锌废水处理技术的研究进展

综述了传统的物理化学法和生物法处理含锌废水的原理,系统阐述了其研究进展.微生物固定技术是一种新兴而有效的生物处理技术,尤其是硫酸盐还原菌固定化技术,将厌氧活性污泥包埋,构建稳定高效的微生物体系,以加强其抗毒性和处理效率.因此,在含锌废水处理方面具有很大的发展潜力,有望得到广泛应用.     

生物还原-化学沉淀法自烟气中的SO2制备ZnS

采用生物还原—化学沉淀法自烟气中的SO2制备ZnS,将含有Zn(OH)2杂质的粗品ZnS通过化学提纯制得高纯度ZnS。实验结果表明,采用NH4C l-NH3.H2O混合液对含有Zn(OH)2杂质的粗品ZnS进行提纯的优化条件为:每500m g粗品ZnS加入NH4C l与NH3.H2O摩尔比为1∶1、两组分浓度均为3.0m o l/L的10mLNH4C l-NH3.H2O混合液。X射线衍射分析表明,提纯后的产物粉末全部为ZnS,其纯度与ZnS标准试样相当。     

4种典型纳米材料对小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞毒性的初步研究

为探讨不同种类纳米材料对原代培养小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(Mouse embryo fibroblasts,MEF)的毒性效应及作用机制,选择4种典型的纳米材料(纳米碳、单壁碳纳米管、纳米氧化锌、纳米二氧化硅)制备颗粒悬液,设立5个剂量组(5、10、20、50、100μg·mL-1)对BALB/c小鼠MEF细胞进行24、48、72h染毒培养,利用细胞形态学观察和噻唑蓝实验(MTT比色法)检测上述4种纳米材料对MEF细胞活性的影响,同时,测定染毒24h后细胞培养液上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性以探讨纳米颗粒对细胞膜完整性的影响.结果显示:1)4种纳米材料均能明显影响MEF细胞的生长形态.染毒24h后,MEF细胞发生不同程度的回缩变形,细胞间隙增大,排列稀疏,胞内颗粒物增多,细胞透明度下降.2)纳米碳、纳米氧化锌、纳米二氧化硅对MEF细胞增殖的抑制作用和对细胞膜完整性的损伤作用均随染毒剂量的升高而增强,具有明显的剂量-效应关系,其半数致死浓度(24h-IC50)分别为21.85、21.94、461.10μg·mL-1;碳纳米管组的剂量-效应之间不呈对数线性关系,未能得出其24h-IC50.3)在不同染毒剂量水平上,4种纳米材料的毒性对比差异显著:低剂量水平上纳米碳与碳纳米管的毒性强于纳米氧化锌和纳米二氧化硅,随着剂量的升高纳米氧化锌的细胞毒性升高最为显著.结果提示,纳米材料能够对MEF细胞造成毒性损伤,破坏细胞膜的完整性可能只是作用途径之一;纳米材料的毒性可能受粒径、形状、化学组成等许多因素的影响.     

红壤立体栽培模式中玉米氮、磷、钾配方施肥数学模型的研究

采用氟、磷、钾化肥三因素通用旋转组合设计，通过计算机模拟寻优，建立了湘南砂岩红壤玉米－大豆立体栽培模式中玉米施肥量－产量、玉米施肥量－利润数学模型；优选出玉米产量和利润最高的各10套施肥方案；计算出玉米最高产量的施肥量为：尿素750kg／hm2，过磷酸钙1125kg／hm2，氯化钾332kg／hm2，N∶P2O5∶K2O＝1∶0.39∶0.58；计算出玉米最佳经济效益施肥量为：尿素712.8kg／hm2，过磷酸钙1125kg／hm2，氯化钾285.2kg／hm2，N∶P2O5∶K2O＝1∶0.41∶0.52．玉米与大豆的产量间以及两者的利润间均呈极显著正相关．     

A Review of Waste Tyre Utilisation in the Marine Environment

Waste tyres pose a major disposal problem on land creating a fire hazard and, in warmer climates, providing breeding pools for mosquitoes. the void space in tyres makes them unsuitable for land burial. Schemes to use shredded tyres for road bases and asphalt filler are being pursued in the USA. Tyre combustion for electricity production is being investigated in the UK.

The widespread availability and durability of tyres has led to their use in the marine environment for breakwaters/coastal defence structures and as artificial reefs for promoting fisheries.

Tyres have a low density and have been used in floating breakwaters. Schemes have been proposed to protect and strengthen shorelines with tyre structures.

The void space in tyres facilitates the construction of artificial reefs to attract fish. the most intensive use is in the south west Pacific and Australia. Tyre surfaces are colonised by algae and a wide range of faunal species, including corals and shellfish. the wide acceptance of tyres as a suitable reef construction material appears to be based largely on these observations. Experience of initial poor deployment practices in the USA led to tyres washing ashore after storms and resulted in the banning or restriction of their use in coastal states of the USA. A review of the scientific literature has yielded limited information on the environmental impact of tyres and in particular the leaching of heavy metals and organic compounds from tyres into sea water.

Preliminary results of tyre dust/sea water leaching studies are presented. These identify zinc as the major leachate (totalling 10mg/tyre after 3 months). Diluted leachates have not shown significant effects of the growth of the phytoplankton Phaeodactylum and Isocrysis.

Further work to characterise the sea water leaching of tyre compounds is recommended.     

地表水中痕量金属元素的原子吸收法测定

采用单缝石英管技术作为火焰原子化器的原子捕集阱,以火焰法测定地表水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等痕量元素,进一步提高了石英管法的灵敏度。依上述元素的顺序,其方法的最低检出浓度分别为4.0、10.0、1.0、1.0μg·l~(-1);对不同浓度标准溶液的精密度实验,其变异系数分别为0.5％、0.6％、1.6％、0.4％;对地表水加标回收率试验结果分别为95％—106％、100％—105％、95％—109％、84％—99％。     

Filtration improvement of zinc sludge by using unconventional alkalization sequence

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