多尺度分割与特征优选下的盐碱地提取

土地盐渍化作为一种土壤灾害,严重制约着社会经济与农业的发展。对盐碱地进行实时监测,可为盐碱地的评价改良提供科学依据。由于盐碱地的信息复杂、提取精度不高,因此本文以高分六号（GF-6）卫星遥感影像为数据源,采用分形网络演化算法（fractal net evolution approach,FNEA）进行影像对象的多尺度分割,从面向对象的角度减少高分影像分类结果中的椒盐噪声问题,通过计算图像对象的局部方差和变化率来确定适宜的盐碱地分割尺度。利用基于特征选择的相关性算法（correlations-based feature selection,CFS）与Relief F算法分别对由光谱、纹理、形状、遥感指数构成的初始特征空间进行特征优选,精简特征子集,解决特征数量冗余问题,以此来优化随机森林对盐碱地提取精度。结果表明：CFS约简后的特征子集更小,精度更高,说明在盐碱地提取过程中,筛选特征数目能够减小冗余数据对提取精度的影响。CFS优化后的随机森林对盐碱地的提取效果较好,该方法总体分类精度达到83.7%。     

基于随机森林的南京市PM2.5和O3对减排的响应

自2013年《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后,南京市大气污染有所改善,但仍面临着细颗粒物(PM_2.5)和臭氧(O₃)污染问题.为探究污染物浓度对其前体物减排的响应,获得有效的减排策略,常利用大气化学模式进行多组基于排放扰动的敏感性试验,而这需要消耗大量计算时间和计算资源.应用随机森林算法对2015年大气化学传输模式(GEOS-Chem)模拟结果进行机器学习,高效地预测了南京2019年PM_2.5浓度日均值和日最大8 h臭氧(MDA8 O₃)浓度对不同人为源排放控制情景的响应.随机森林结果表明2019年中国人为排放每减少10%,南京ρ(PM_2.5)季节平均值下降2～4μg·m^-3.当2019年中国人为源减排比例高于20%时,南京ρ(PM_2.5)年均值将低于国家二级限值(35μg·m^-3).若仅对中国地区O₃前体物氮氧化物(NO_x)和挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)同比例减排,反而...     

红壤区退化林地表土真菌群落结构对土壤改良措施的响应

真菌群落结构和多样性对于土壤改良效果具有高敏感性.研究南方红壤区侵蚀退化林表土真菌群落对有机肥、生物炭和石灰+微生物肥的响应,以明晰不同改土措施的作用.结果表明：(1)3种土壤改良措施均降低了表土真菌丰富度,其中石灰+微生物肥降低作用最大,3种土壤改良措施对表土真菌多样性也有影响,但影响不显著;(2)表土中优势真菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota, 31.29%～46.55%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota, 30.07%～70.71%),优势真菌属为阿太菌属(Amphinema)和单形古根菌属(Archaeorhizomyces),3种土壤改良措施对表土真菌群落结构的影响不同,有机肥提高了子囊菌门和单形古根菌属的相对丰度,生物炭提高了担子菌门和阿太菌属的相对丰度,而石灰+微生物肥则提高了担子菌门和单形古根菌属的相对丰度;(3)土壤pH是影响表土真菌丰富度的关键因子,而表土真菌群落结构则受pH、全氮和有机碳的影响.研究结果为南方红壤区侵蚀退化林地土壤改良,林下植被生态恢复提供科学指导.     

排放和气象对疫情前后武汉不同类型点位大气污染物的影响

采用随机森林算法剥离了排放和气象对6种大气污染物(SO₂、 NO₂、 CO、 PM₁₀、 PM_2.5和O₃)浓度的贡献,识别了疫情前后武汉市中心城区、郊区、工业区、三环线交通点和城市背景点这5种类型点位的大气污染物浓度变化.结果表明,与管控前相比,管控期间PM_2.5/CO、 PM₁₀/CO和NO₂/CO分别减小了10.8～21.7、 9.34～24.7和14.4～22.1倍,表明排放对PM_2.5、 PM₁₀和NO₂贡献减小;O₃/CO增加了50.1～61.5倍,表明二次生成增加明显.解除管控后排放对各类污染物的贡献均增加.管控期间,受一些不可间断工序的运行影响,工业区PM_2.5降幅最小(20.5%).与管控期间相比,解除管控后居民生活、交通出行和工业生产等基本恢复,使5种类型站点PM_2.5     

Gathering “wild” food in the city: rethinking the role of foraging in urban ecosystem planning and management

Recent “green” planning initiatives envision food production, including urban agriculture and livestock production, as desirable elements of sustainable cities. We use an integrated urban political ecology and human–plant geographies framework to explore how foraging for “wild” foods in cities, a subversive practice that challenges prevailing views about the roles of humans in urban green spaces, has potential to also support sustainability goals. Drawing on research from Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia, and Seattle, we show that foraging is a vibrant and ongoing practice among diverse urban residents in the USA. At the same time, as reflected in regulations, planning practices, and attitudes of conservation practitioners, it is conceptualised as out of place in urban landscapes and an activity to be discouraged. We discuss how paying attention to urban foraging spaces and practices can strengthen green space planning and summarise opportunities for and challenges associated with including foragers and their concerns.     

Does Riparian Forest Restoration Thinning Enhance Biodiversity? The Ecological Importance of Large Wood

Intact riparian ecosystems are rich in biological diversity, but throughout the world, many have been degraded. Biodiversity declines, particularly of vertebrates, have led to experimental efforts to restore riparian forests by thinning young stands to accelerate creation of large diameter live trees. However, many vertebrates depend on large diameter deadwood that is standing as snags or fallen to the forest floor or fallen into streams. Therefore, we reviewed the sizes of deadwood and live trees used by different vertebrate species to understand which species are likely to benefit from different thinning treatments. We then examined how riparian thinning affects the long‐term development of both large diameter live trees and deadwood. To this end, we used a forest growth model to examine how different forest thinning intensities might affect the long‐term production and abundance of live trees and deadwood. Our results suggest that there are long‐term habitat tradeoffs associated with different thinning intensities. Species that utilize large diameter live trees will benefit most from heavy thinning, whereas species that utilize large diameter deadwood will benefit most from light or no thinning. Because far more vertebrate species utilize large deadwood rather than large live trees, allowing riparian forests to naturally develop may result in the most rapid and sustained development of structural features important to most terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates.     

Changes in Tree Growth,Biomass and Vegetation Over a 13-Year Period in the Swedish Sub-Arctic

This study was conducted in the Swedish sub-Arctic, near Abisko, in order to assess the direction and scale of possible vegetation changes in the alpine–birch forest ecotone. We have re-surveyed shrub, tree and vegetation data at 549 plots grouped into 61 clusters. The plots were originally surveyed in 1997 and re-surveyed in 2010. Our study is unique for the area as we have quantitatively estimated a 19% increase in tree biomass mainly within the existing birch forest. We also found significant increases in the cover of two vegetation types—“birch forest-heath with mosses” and “meadow with low herbs”, while the cover of snowbed vegetation decreased significantly. The vegetation changes might be caused by climate, herbivory and past human impact but irrespective of the causes, the observed transition of the vegetation will have substantial effects on the mountain ecosystems.     

Elevated atmospheric deposition and dynamics of mercury in a remote upland forest of southwestern China

Mt. Gongga area in southwest China was impacted by Hg emissions from industrial activities and coal combustion, and annual means of atmospheric TGM and PHg concentrations at a regional background station were 3.98 ng m⁻³ and 30.7 pg m⁻³, respectively. This work presents a mass balance study of Hg in an upland forest in this area. Atmospheric deposition was highly elevated in the study area, with the annual mean THg deposition flux of 92.5 μg m⁻² yr⁻¹. Total deposition was dominated by dry deposition (71.8%), and wet deposition accounted for the remaining 28.2%. Forest was a large pool of atmospheric Hg, and nearly 76% of the atmospheric input was stored in forest soil. Volatilization and stream outflow were identified as the two major pathways for THg losses from the forest, which yielded mean output fluxes of 14.0 and 8.6 μg m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively.     

森林消防人员防烟面罩技术探讨及应用

阐述了森林消防防烟面罩的研制及其改进过程，介绍了森林消防防烟面罩的主要技术经济指标及野外应用试验。