五里湖与贡湖不同粒径沉积物中有机质、总氮和磷形态分布研究

研究了五里湖与贡湖不同粒径沉积物的化学组成,总氮、总磷、有机质、各形态磷含量及其在粒径组成中所占比例.结果表明五里湖与贡湖沉积物不同粒径磷含量的差异主要在无机磷,而有机磷含量相差不大;各形态磷含量均为五里湖大于贡湖;五里湖沉积物总氮和总磷、有机质以及各形态磷的85%以上分布在细颗粒中,贡湖沉积物仅有50%～60%左右分布在细颗粒中,而分布在粗砂粒中的比例均最低.     

A new approach for biological online testing of stack gas condensate from municipal waste incinerators

A biological testing system for the monitoring of stack gas condensates of municipal waste incinerators has been developed using Euglena gracilis as a test organism. The motility, velocity and cellular form of the organisms were the endpoints, calculated by an image analysis system. All endpoints showed statistically significant changes in a short time when organisms were exposed to samples collected during combustion situations with increased pollutant concentrations. The velocity of the organisms proved to be the most appropriate endpoint. A semi-continuous system with E. gracilis for monitoring stack gas condensate is proposed, which could result in an online system for testing stack gas condensates in the future.     

锌对长柔毛委陵菜中铅的分布和化学形态的影响

通过营养液培养并采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法,分析了Zn对Pb在长柔毛委陵菜(Potentilla griffithii var. velutina)的器官及其亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响.结果表明,除对照外,79%～88%的Pb富集在长柔毛委陵菜的根部,并且植物体内47%～77%和13%～45%的Pb分别分布在细胞壁和可溶组分中.虽然加Zn没有改变Pb在植物亚细胞分布中"细胞壁>可溶组分>细胞核和叶绿体>线粒体"的格局,但Pb和Zn的添加都增加了Pb在细胞壁的分配比例,减少其在可溶组分的富集,即Pb和Zn的添加增强了细胞壁对Pb的固持作用.长柔毛委陵菜体内的Pb以不同化学形态存在:在对照中82%～89%的Pb以乙醇提取态和水提取态存在;而在其它处理中以盐酸提取态为最高形态,占总量的28%～60%.同时,Pb和Zn的添加导致植物中Pb的乙醇提取态和水提取态等活性较强形态的分配比例减少,促进Pb向活性较弱的结合形态转移.因此,根部滞留、细胞壁固持、可溶组分的液泡区隔化和活性较强的结合形态的减少是长柔毛委陵菜耐Pb的主要机制.     

白银矿山水体和沉积物中重金属及其化学形态分布特征

白银铜多金属矿山矿业活动产生的大量废水排入东大沟,对东大沟周围农田和黄河白银段水体造成了严重危害。采用等离子原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和BCR法连续提取过程对东大沟水体和沉积物中重金属总量和各化学形态进行分析,结果表明水体和沉积物中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn高度富集。水体中除Pb外,Cd、Cu、Zn含量超出国家标准的几倍到几十倍,随着河流流向呈显著降低趋势。沉积物中不同重金属化学形态分布有很大差异,尾矿坝坑底泥和黄河泥沙中重金属化学形态分布主要以弱酸提取态和残渣态为主,而东大沟沉积物中重金属化学形态呈现不同的分布特征,Pb以可还原态为主,Zn以残渣态为主,Cd以残渣态为主,其次为可氧化态,Cu以可氧化态为主。沉积物中Cd和Pb地积累指数均大于5,达到极强污染程度,Cu和Zn地积累指数在3~5之间,也不同程度达到强到极强污染。     

Tree and stand growth of mature Norway spruce and European beech under long-term ozone fumigation

In a 50- to 70-year-old mixed stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Germany, tree cohorts have been exposed to double ambient ozone (2×O₃) from 2000 through 2007 and can be compared with trees in the same stand under the ambient ozone regime (1×O₃). Annual diameter growth, allocation pattern, stem form, and stem volume were quantified at the individual tree and stand level. Ozone fumigation induced a shift in the resource allocation into height growth at the expense of diameter growth. This change in allometry leads to rather cone-shaped stem forms and reduced stem stability in the case of spruce, and even neiloidal stem shapes in the case of beech. Neglect of such ozone-induced changes in stem shape may lead to a flawed estimation of volume growth. On the stand level, 2×O₃ caused, on average, a decrease of 10.2 m³ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in European beech.     

和谐流域建设的理论基础和基本路径

流域经济是以流域水资源的开发和利用为重点，以流域范围内的资源优化配置为核心的特殊类型区域经济。由于学者对流域经济的自然特性和人文特性认识差异较大，导致人们对流域经济的本质特征认识不统一，认为流域经济表述了人们在配置流域资源时引起的经济关系，流域经济的特征表现为：稀缺性、效益性、边际产出递减性、层次性。和谐流域建设是流域经济的发展趋势，构建和谐流域是落实科学发展观的重要体现，是支撑流域经济可持续发展的首要条件，是构建和谐社会的重要组成部分     

多介质渗透反应格栅中氨氮的转化与存在形态

在利用渗透反应格栅技术修复地下水氨氮污染过程中,掌握氨氮在不同介质环境中的转化规律及存在形态对多介质渗透反应格栅中各介质作用及氮转化过程的控制十分重要.针对进水氨氮浓度约10 mg/L的模拟地下水,以天然河沙、释氧材料、斜发沸石及海绵铁为反应介质,设计了一套多介质渗透反应格栅模拟氨氮在各介质环境中的转化及归宿.结果表明,在天然河沙层,氨氮优先被河沙吸附固定,但去除量有限(△C＜1.5 mg/L),氨氮主要以离子态溶于模拟地下水.在好氧沸石层,氨氮经沸石吸附及生物硝化协同作用几乎被完全去除,该层出水氨氮浓度低于0.01 mg/L,且氮主要存在形态为硝酸盐氮(C=10～26.6 mg/L).在铁厌氧层,部分硝酸盐氮经海绵铁化学还原和生物反硝化作用,分别被转化为氨氮(△C=2～9.5 mg/L)和氮气(△C＜8 mg/L),其余硝酸盐氮以离子态继续存留于模拟地下水.     

基于强度折减法的巷道整体安全系数探讨分析

将有限元强度折减法应用到高地应力下巷道的稳定性评价。选用矩形、直墙半圆拱形、直墙半圆拱加反拱形、马蹄形及圆形等5种巷道常用断面开展计算研究。就上述5种典型断面,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS12.0分析了岩土体折减系数对巷道代表点的位移及围岩塑性区的发展的影响,再现了巷道断面岩土体变形发展过程。通过观察围岩塑性区的发展和巷道控制点的位移突变,求得各断面形状的安全系数并找出其潜在破坏面。根据安全系数的大小和破坏面的位置,能够评定巷道断面设计的合理性,并对施工工艺和支护参数提出改进建议。     

基于CiteSpace的城市空间形态与碳排放关系研究进展

城市空间形态与碳排放的关系是低碳城市建设的理论依据。基于WOS和CNKI数据库，采用CiteSpace软件对1991—2022年城市空间形态与碳排放的关系进行了综述。从发文趋势、合作网络、突现词探测、关键词分析等角度，分析了该领域的发展动态、研究热点，并通过关键词聚类对文献相关内容进行综合解析。结果表明：（1）1991—2022年该领域发文量总体呈上升趋势，在国际重要事件节点上，发文量有大幅上升。（2）中国是该领域发文最多的国家，发文量达34.03%，美国发文中心性最高，为0.48，且国家、机构合作紧密。（3）关键词共现表明探究城市形态对碳排放的影响一直是学术界关注的热点；突现词探测表明研究重心逐渐从与交通碳排放相关的城市空气质量转移到与城市形态和碳排放有关的内容上来。（4）从关键词聚类标签来看，国内外将城市碳排放测算作为重中之重，并通过指标量化城市空间形态分析城市形态对碳排放的驱动作用；通过建立模型定量探讨城市空间形态与碳排放的关系是未来的研究趋势。未来应编制规范的城市层面碳排放清单以提高测算精度、拓宽城市形态与碳排放关系的研究尺度、深入挖掘三维城市空间形态与碳排放的关系。     

Social sustainability and neighbourhood design: an investigation of residents' satisfaction in Delhi

Social and environmental goals are often mutually reinforcing. Urban forms may encourage social sustainability as well as social inclusion or may have the potential to create areas of crime and social exclusion. The issues of relationship between sustainable development and urban form have given birth to new paradigms of design approach such as new urbanism, the compact city and the eco-city. This paper examines the impact of urban form on social sustainability at the neighbourhood level. It seeks to better understand the relationship between urban form and social sustainability by comparing three neighbourhoods with dissimilar urban forms in Delhi, India. Household surveys and observation surveys in these three neighbourhoods were conducted, and it was found that the urban form of a neighbourhood plays a very important role in creating a socially sustainable residential neighbourhood. The study established that social interactions within the communities are higher when dwelling units are placed around the public realm or common open space. The study demonstrated that provision of high quality and well-located open space at the precinct level, mixed land use and good accessibility to the public realm and social infrastructure play an important role in increasing the social sustainability of the neighbourhood.