微生物除臭牛粪的初步研究

本文报道了利用微生物菌剂除去牛粪臭气味的方法。牛粪经特殊微生物菌剂在通气培养条件下处理３ｄ，其粪中臭气味比对照降低８５％～９９％，为消除牛粪尿对环境的污染找到了一条可行的途径。     

农业固体废弃物发酵产氢的研究

为了探索不同农业废弃物发酵产氢的能力,研究选取了10种农业生产中的主要固体废弃物:稻草、玉米秆、小麦秆、大麦秆、蚕豆秆、黄豆秆以及猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、马粪作为原料,采用批量发酵工艺,进行厌氧发酵产氢的研究。结果表明,以乳酸调控发酵料液pH值在4.7～5.5之间,控制体系温度在(25±1)℃可以产生氢气。其中,各原料产氢能力顺序为:猪粪>大麦秆>玉米秆>稻草>蚕豆秆>鸡粪>牛粪>马粪>黄豆秆>小麦秆。     

牛粪生物炭对重金属镉污染土壤的钝化修复研究

为了探讨以牛粪为原材料制备的生物炭对重金属镉污染土壤的钝化修复作用,采用人工模拟重金属镉污染土壤进行盆栽试验,研究分别添加在低温300℃和高温700℃条件下制备的牛粪生物炭,对重金属镉污染土壤p H值、镉含量、镉形态及供试作物中镉含量的影响。结果显示:高温700℃制备的生物炭效果好于低温300℃,与对照值(CK)相比,当两种牛粪生物炭添加量为10 g/kg时处理效果最佳,土壤p H值、镉含量依次升高0.2和0.1、42.2%和21.84%,供试作物中镉含量降低了71.59%和51.22%,酸可提取态镉降低了21.69%和22.89%,残渣态镉含量升高了51.59%和77.71%;牛粪生物炭添加量为2.5g/kg时,Fe-Mn氧化结合态镉、有机结合态镉含量降幅最大,分别为21.88%和14.06%、31.82%和12.12%。牛粪生物炭对重金属镉污染土壤具有良好的钝化修复效果。     

施用高锌猪粪对土壤环境污染的影响

采用饲喂含锌微量元素添加剂的猪排出的猪粪（试验猪粪）和畏产的猪排出的猪粪（普通猪粪）作小麦－－水稻盆栽试验。供试土壤为酸性黄壤,中性冲积土、石灰性紫色土。结果表明：三组土壤上都是随着试验组猪粪施用量增大,土壤全锌残留量和有效锌含量俞高。如每年以小麦－－水稻轮作方式种植,长期施用高锌猪粪（以施用量最低１０ｇ／盆计）,根据土壤ｐＨ的不同,则１２年￣２８年间土壤中锌含量可能超过国家土壤环境质量标准的二级     

Effects of howler monkey reintroduction on ecological interactions and processes

Rewilding has been an increasingly popular tool to restore plant–animal interactions and ecological processes impaired by defaunation. However, the reestablishment of such processes has seldom been assessed. We investigated the restoration of ecological interactions following the reintroduction of the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) to a defaunated Atlantic forest site. We expected the reintroduction to restore plant–animal interactions and interactions between howlers and dung beetles, which promote secondary seed dispersal. We estimated the number of interactions expected to be restored by the reintroduction to provide the baseline interaction richness that could be restored. We followed the reintroduced howler monkeys twice a week for 24 months (337 hours total) to assess their diet. We used howler monkey dung in secondary seed dispersal experiments with 2484 seed mimics to estimate the removal rates by dung beetles and collected the beetles to assess community attributes. We compared the potential future contribution of howler monkeys and other frugivores to seed dispersal based on the seed sizes they disperse in other areas where they occur. In 2 years, howler monkeys consumed 60 animal-dispersed plant species out of the 330 estimated. Twenty-one dung beetle species were attracted to experimentally provided dung; most of them were tunnelers, nocturnal, and large-sized (>10 mm). On average 30% (range 0–100%) of the large seed mimics (14 mm) were moved by dung beetles. About 91% of the species consumed by howlers (size range 0.3–34.3 mm) overlapped in seed size with those removed by dung beetles. In our study area, howler monkeys may consume more large-seeded fruit species than most other frugivores, highlighting their potential to affect forest regeneration. Our results show reintroductions may effectively restore ecological links and enhance ecological processes.     

铜对蚯蚓转化牛粪过程抗生素抗性基因的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）为试验蚓种,设定不同Cu浓度梯度,研究蚯蚓转化牛粪过程中Cu对ARGs消长的影响.结果表明,不同Cu浓度处理下,ARGs累积总丰度呈现出CF （未添加Cu）-1降低至4.33×10^-1copies/16S copies.低、中浓度Cu的添加显著提高了样品中ARGs的总丰度水平（P<0.05）.通过研究不同类型ARGs在不同时间阶段的变化,发现低、高浓度Cu处理组（T1、T3）在蚯蚓转化过程中提高了tet-ARGs、erm-ARGs和str-ARGs的丰度,而中浓度Cu处理组（T2）中tet-ARGs和str-ARGs丰度降低.冗余分析（RDA）得出pH值显著影响蚯蚓转化过程中ARGs相对丰度的变化（P<0.05）,且TOC、TN和Cu对ARGs的消长也发挥着重要作用.蚯蚓转化可加速牛粪中ARGs丰度的削减,一定程度上能够减少其环境风险,但牛粪中Cu的残留可导致蚯蚓转化过程中部分ARGs的富集,因此亟需进一步优化蚯蚓转化处理工艺.     

Cow dung-derived biochars engineered as antibacterial agents for bacterial decontamination

Disposal of the pollutants arising from farming cattle and other livestock threatens the environment and public safety in diverse ways. Herein, we report on the synthesis of engineered biochars using cow dung as raw material, and investigating these biochars as antibacterial agents for water decontamination. By coating the biochars with N-halamine polymer and loading them with active chlorine (i.e., Cl⁺), we were able to regulate them on demand by tuning the polymer coating and bleaching conditions. The obtained N-halamine-modified biochars were found to be extremely potent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We also investigated the possibility of using these N-halamine-modified biochars for bacterial decontamination in real-world applications. Our findings indicated that a homemade filter column packed with N-halamine-modified biochars removed pathogenic bacteria from mining sewage, dairy sewage, domestic sewage, and artificial seawater. This proposed strategy could indicate a new way for utilizing livestock pollutants to create on-demand decontaminants.     

宏基因组学解析蚯蚓粪中微生物种群及耐药基因的组成

为判定蚯蚓粪作为微生物肥料的潜力,本研究采用宏基因组学的方法,对污泥、牛粪与蔬菜蚯蚓粪样品抽提的DNA进行测序,并将结果进行物种注释及功能注释,以揭示不同蚯蚓粪中功能性微生物的种群结构.结果表明：污泥、牛粪和蔬菜蚯蚓粪分别检测到117505、81182、81104条scaftigs.变形菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门与放线菌门为3种蚯蚓粪的优势菌门.氮磷代谢途径分析表明,蚯蚓粪中富含固氮菌（Rhizobium、Mesorhizobium、Bradyrhizobium、Azospirillum）、硝化菌（Nitrosomonas、Nitrosospira、Nitrosococcus、Nitrospira）和溶磷菌（Flavobacterium、Pseudomonas、Arthrobacter、Streptomyces）等肥料功能菌.相比而言,蔬菜蚯蚓粪微生物肥料潜力较高.相对于蔬菜蚯蚓粪（371条Unigenes）,污泥（2461条Unigenes）和牛粪（965条Unigenes）蚯蚓粪中存在较多的病原菌.而且,污泥、牛粪与蔬菜蚯蚓粪中耐药基因相对丰度高达0.93×10^-3、0.32×10^-3和0.32×10^-3,主要为β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类及四环素类耐药基因等.研究结果显示,蚯蚓粪中有益的功能菌群和有害微生物同时存在,其生物污染物的环境风险值得关注.     

新型覆土材料的CH_4氧化能力与N_2O释放能力

在垃圾卫生填埋处理技术中,覆土材料的选择对处理成本和技术都至关重要.探究了新型覆土材料(矿化垃圾+牛粪+木屑)的CH4氧化能力,并进一步分析了温度、含水率、初始φ(CH4)和好氧厌氧等环境因素对CH4氧化能力的影响.结果表明:1新型覆土中矿化垃圾的填埋龄不同,其CH4氧化能力也有所差异,填埋龄较久的覆土B(10 a)、C(15 a)在培养时间内对CH4去除率和氧化速率均明显高于覆土A(5 a);2当温度为30℃、含水率为35%时,新型覆土的CH4氧化能力最高;3用米歇尔-门坦方程表征CH4降解的过程,R2(相关系数)为0.993,CH4氧化速率最大值为5.21μmol/(g·h),半速常数为5.48%;4厌氧环境中新型覆土具有CH4氧化能力,而厌氧环境中CH4去除率相对好氧环境更慢,培养20 d后,厌氧环境CH4去除率为83%;5当土壤孔隙含水率分别为46%、70%时,覆土干湿交替导致的N2O和CO2释放量远小于CH4氧化量,故N2O增温效应可忽略.由矿化垃圾+牛粪+木屑组成的新型覆土材料的CH4氧化速率最大值比现有覆土材料高1~2个数量级,其可应用于不同类型填埋场,特别是降雨较多的南方垃圾填埋场,可有效减缓垃圾填埋气CH4的释放影响.     

Influence of dung volatiles on the process of resource selection by coprophagous beetles

Summary. Most dung beetles colonize the faeces of several vertebrate species without much discrimination, and are thus often considered as polyphagous. Recent studies have provided evidence for clear feeding preferences in scarab beetles colonizing dung of herbivore species, but little is known about these insects’ abilities to discriminate among odours from faeces of various herbivores. In this study, trophic preferences were examined using blocks of pitfall traps baited with dung from four different herbivore species, i.e., sheep, cattle, horse, and red deer, in a mountainous area of south-central France. 4941 coprophagous scarabs, belonging to 27 species, were captured. Beetles were more attracted to dung of sheep (2257 individuals) than that of cattle (1294 individuals), followed by deer dung (768 individuals) and horse dung (622 individuals). Eleven of the 27 beetle species collected had significant feeding preferences for one of the four dung types. For each insect species, trophic habits did not vary between the two different sites of trapping, an open pasture and a wooded habitat. In laboratory olfactometer bioassays, scarab beetles orientated preferentially towards the dung volatiles from the dung type they preferred in the field. Trypocopris pyrenaeus, Anoplotrupes stercorosus, and Aphodius rufipes were more attracted to volatile compounds from sheep dung, Onthophagus fracticornis significantly preferred horse dung volatiles, and Aphodius haemorrhoidalis responded positively to deer dung odours. The role of dung olfactory cues in the process of resource selection by dung beetles is discussed.