丹江口水库表层沉积物有机/无机磷形态特征

采用连续分级提取法研究了丹江口水库表层沉积物中有机磷和无机磷的形态及其赋存特征,同时结合间隙水体中溶解性总磷(DTP)的空间分布特征,讨论了各形态磷的生物可利用性及其释放风险.结果表明,丹江口水库沉积物中各形态磷均在入库河流处高于库区.各采样点沉积物总磷在203.08~1625.61mg/kg之间,平均值为642.51mg/kg,其中以无机磷为主,占总磷的52.9%.无机磷形态中生物可利用性差的Ca-P_i占优势,平均值为196.46mg/kg,占无机磷的57.8%;沉积物有机磷形态中活性最差的NA-P_o占绝对的优势,NA-P_o平均值为180.83mg/kg,占有机磷(OP)的59.7%. WA-P_i、PA-P_i、Fe/Al-P_i、WA-P_o、PA-P_o均与间隙水体DTP呈显著正相关(P < 0.05), Ca-P_i、MA-P_o、NA-Po与间隙水DTP相关性较差.入库河流沉积物生物可利用性磷含量及释放通量均较库区高,具有较高的释磷风险.     

Optimization of anaerobic processes by speciation and bioavailability of trace metals

The deficiency trials of some trace metals (copper, nickel, zinc) were made in laboratory Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors containing the inoculum of an industrial anaerobic sludge, a basal medium with the rest of nutrients and vitamins in comparison with a control reactor with the optimal doses of trace elements. From the main control parameters (alkalinity, acidity, DQO), no inactivation by deficit of essential elements was detected, but the control reactor showed greater mineralization and solid content, being necessary to make purge to avoid bulking. The inoculum has high metallic element contents, so the additional contribution produces high bacterial growth, also purge being necessary to avoid bulking. The purge, made after 120 days in continuous operation, eliminates a great quantity of solids and increases the volatile solids (VS)/total solids (TS) ratio. The comparison of the initial content of metallic elements in the solid and liquid phases with the contents after 120 days showed a progressive depletion of metals in all reactors without a clear appreciation of the lack of the studied metals. Finally, in 210 days, the reactors without addition of a metallic element accumulated greater quantity of major (Ca, Fe, Mg) and trace (Co, Ni, Cu) elements in the solid phase with respect to the control.     

洱海表层沉积物有机磷形态分布特征及其影响因素

利用IVANOFF法,研究了洱海表层沉积物有机磷形态及其空间分布特征,探讨了有机质对各形态有机磷含量分布的影响. 结果表明:洱海北部和南部的浅水湖区沉积物w(OM)较高(2.50%～11.72%),而中部的深水湖区沉积物w(TP)较高(710.29～1 961.22 mg/kg);沉积物w(OP)为212.71～526.23 mg/kg,与w(TP)分布趋势一致;沉积物不同形态有机磷的含量为Residual-Po(残渣态有机磷)> Fulvic-P(富里酸结合态有机磷)> HCl-Po(酸提取态有机磷)>NaHCO₃-Po(活性有机磷)>Humic-P(腐殖酸结合态有机磷). 沉积物w(OM)与w(OP)/w(TP),w(Fulvic-P)和w(Humic-P)之间均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与w(Residual-Po)呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与w(NaHCO₃-Po)和w(HCl-Po)之间相关性不显著(P>0.05). 洱海沉积物有机磷主要以非活性有机磷(Residual-Po和Humic-P)为主(平均占58.74%),且w(Fulvic-P)占w(OP)的百分比均高于营养水平较高的湖泊,而w(HCl-Po)占w(OP)的百分比相对较低(除E7采样点外). 即洱海沉积物有机磷形态特征决定了其生物有效性较低. 沉积物有机磷赋存形态特征很可能是上覆水磷浓度相对较低的重要原因,而沉积物w(TOC)/w(OP)<200则意味着其有机磷的潜在释放风险较大.      

The potential ecological risk of soil trace metals following over five decades of agronomical practices in a semi-arid environment

The concentration and potential ecological risk of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd in the surface soils (0–30?cm) belonging to 12 soil profiles and 4 soil types (Vertisols, Chernozems, Calcisols, and Cambisols) from the cultivated soils and the corresponding uncultivated soils were investigated. Long-term cultivation caused a considerable build-up diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Mn (7–55%), and Cd (12–31%) as well as the total form of Zn (3–14%), Cu (8–25%), and Cd (33–78%) in all soil types. Following long-time cropping, total Zn (mean?=?73?mg?kg^?1), Cu (mean?=?33?mg?kg^?1), and Cd (mean?=?3.14?mg?kg^?1) and DTPA Zn (mean?=?1.2?mg?kg^?1) and Cu (mean?=?2.44?mg?kg^?1) were below their maximum allowable limits. However, the average amount of DTPA Cd in the tilled soils (min?=?0.4, max?=?0.75, mean?=?0.55?mg?kg^?1) was above its maximum permissible limit mainly due to the over application of phosphate fertilisers and the pesticides. Considering the potential ecological risk (RI) assessment of the cultivated soils (min?=?44, max?=?70, mean?=?54), the soil types were categorised as low (RI?≤?50) to moderate (50?相似文献   

Effect of organic fractions on sorption properties of organic pollutants in sediments

Humic substrates are a major fraction of sediment organic matters, and the sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals by humic substrates influences their behavior and fate in sediment. In this paper, organic matters were divided into non-humic substrates and humic substrates. Non-humic substrates include acid leaching fraction, acid extracted fraction, and lipid; humic substrates were fractionated into Ca-binding-FA(fulvic acid), Ca-binding-HA (humic acid), oxide-FA, oxide-HA, and humin. To study the effect of organic fractions on sorption properties, sorption kinetic and equilibrium sorption experiments of phenanthrene and pentachlorophenol(PCP) in five sediments were carried out. The results showed that the contents of acid leaching fraction and oxide-binding-HA were the main fractions to affect the sorption rate constant, and for the sorption capacity of phenanthrene, humin was the major fraction, followed by oxide-binding-HA, oxidebinding-FA, and so on. While for PCP, the factors of influence on sorption capacity were mainly CEC, Ca-binding-FA, and Ca-binding-HA.     

洞庭湖湿地有机碳垂直分布与组成特征

以洞庭湖3类湿地的9个典型剖面为代表,研究了洞庭湖湿地有机碳垂直分布和组成特征.结果表明,湖草滩地表层(0～10cm)有机碳含量(>40g/kg)明显高于芦苇滩地(20±2.8) g/kg和垦殖水田(28±8.6) g/kg .0～30cm内,湖草和芦苇滩地有机碳含量随深度的增加而下降,30cm以下有机碳含量基本稳定.垦殖水田的3个剖面间有机碳含量存在较大变异.湖草滩地表层0～10cm轻组碳占总有机碳的20%以上,而芦苇滩地和垦殖水田表层0～10cm的有机碳以稳定的重组碳为主(>90 %) .同一类型湿地垂直方向上,受有机碳来源复杂性的影响,轻组碳占总有机碳的比例具有明显的层次性.分组试验还表明,重组碳与总有机碳、容重与总有机碳、重组碳与重组氮之间具有极显著的相关关系(p<0.01).     

RS与GIS支持下城市热岛效应与绿地空间相关性研究

在RS和GIS技术支持下,以LANDSAT ETM+为数据源,综合运用遥感热红外影像的地温反演、遥感影像分割、空间聚集性分析、混合像元分解、基于遥感信息模型的地理建模及多元线性回归分析等技术,提取了青岛市城市热岛与绿地空间格局,并定量分析了绿地格局与城市热岛效应的相关性及其对城市热岛的缓解机制. 结果表明:城市热岛效应在给定尺度上与植被盖度呈负相关关系,与绿地斑块密度指数和分维数呈正相关关系.      

Physiological responses of Avicennia marina seedlings to the phytotoxic effects of the water-soluble fraction of light Arabian crude oil

Stomatal behavior, growth performance and the accumulation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated in seedlings of the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., treated with a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Abu-Dhabi light Arabian crude oil through foliar spraying or soil application.Irregular stomatal behavior and weak stomatal control over transpiration were observed during the first 24 hours, where stomatal resistances of plants sprayed with 150 and 300 g PAHs plant^–1 were significantly lower than that of the control plants. After six weeks, all treated plants showed no significant difference in their relative growth rate (RGR) or in the net assimilation rate (NAR) compared with the control plants.Tri-aromatic hydrocarbons were the most accumulated in tissues of the treated plants. Penta- and hexa-aromatics, on the other hand, were undetectable in the WSF and consequently in the treated plants. A linear relationship was observed between the dose applied to plants and the amounts of tissue accumulated PAHs (r ²=0.515 for soil application and r ²=0.984 for foliar spray). In plants sprayed with 300 g PAHs plant^–1, the total PAHs accumulated were more than that accumulated in plants treated through soil application.These findings suggest that: aqueous extraction of crude oil tends to signify the percentage of the low molecular weight PAHs, e.g. naphthalene, to the total PAHs; disturbed stomatal behavior in the first day of the treatment may be due to the venting of the volatile low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, and xylenes) through the stomata; and uptake of water-soluble hydrocarbons by plants is equally possible through both of the root system and the foliage. The ecological implications of these finding are discussed in relation to oil pollution of mangrove stands under field conditions.     

三峡工程蓄水运用对长江口径流来沙的影响

三峡工程蓄水运用后,下游来沙量大大减少,直接影响长江口的径流来沙量。依据实测资料,统计计算了宜昌、大通及中间水文站各粒径组泥沙多年平均输沙量。考虑到沿程冲淤变化及区间支流来沙,建立了上下游水文站各粒径组泥沙输沙量之间的对应关系,初步探讨了宜昌和大通两站不同粒径组泥沙输沙量之间的关系。在此基础上,根据一维数学模型的计算结果,分析了三峡工程蓄水后宜昌站各粒径组泥沙的来沙量的减少及大通站各粒径组泥沙输沙量相应的变化。结果表明：在输沙总量上,大通站输沙量中的70％来自宜昌上游河道,其余的则来自区间的补充;如果考虑不同粒径组,则细颗粒对上游来沙的依赖程度高于中等粒径泥沙,三峡建库后,在不考虑沿程冲刷恢复的条件下,宜昌上游来沙量减少了71.7%,通过大通站的输沙量较建库前减少了40％;其中细颗粒减少的程度低于中等粒径颗粒。     

淹水条件对不同土壤中稀土元素钕形态分布的影响

以旱作条件为参照,研究淹水条件对钕形态分布的影响.结果表明,淹水条件对内源钕B1态(水溶态、可交换态与碳酸盐结合)、B2态(铁锰氧化物结合态)和B3态(有机质及硫化物结合态)的分布无显著影响.对于外源钕,淹水条件使B1和B3态浓度增加,而B2态浓度则因土壤性质而异,中性土壤中浓度稳定,酸性和碱性土壤中浓度分别增高和降低,其机制有待进一步研究;淹水条件对黄红壤和黄褐土中外源钕无显著影响,而砂姜黑土则相反;两种条件下,3种土壤中B2和B3态浓度顺序相同,B2态浓度顺序为:黄红壤黄褐土砂姜黑土,B3态浓度顺序为:砂姜黑土黄褐土黄红壤,而B1态在黄红壤中浓度最大;外源钕有进入残渣态的趋势,但并不明显,且不同土壤的各形态对残渣态的贡献不同.