Distribution of Cu and Pb in particle size fractions of urban soils from different city zones of Nanjing, China

Soil samples from 4 defined city zones of Nanjing were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm intervals and size fractions of soil particles were separated from undisturbed bulk soils by low energy dispersion procedure. The total contents of Cu and Pb in the different particle size fractions of the urban soils were analyzed by HNO3-HF-HClO4 digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination. The total content of Cu and Pb in soil particle size fractions varied with their size and with city zones as well. Both the content and variation with the size fractions of Pb was bigger than of Cu supporting our previous finding that there was Pb pollution to different degrees in the urban soils although the two elements were generally enriched in clay-sized fraction. Contaminated Pb tended to be preferentially enriched in the size fraction of 2000-250 μm and clay-sized fraction. While the size fractions of the soils from newly developed and preserved area contained smaller amount of Cu and Pb, the partitioning of them in coarse and fine particle size fractions were insignificant compared to that from inner residence and commercial area. The very high Pb level over 150 mg/kg of the fine particle fractions from the soils of the inner city could be a cause of high blood Pb level reported of children from the city as acute exposure to Pb of fine particles of the urban soil might occur by soil ingestion and inhalation by young children. Thus, much attention should be paid to the partitioning of toxic metals in fine soil particles of the urban soils and countermeasures against high health risk of Pb exposure by soil ingestion and dust inhalation should be practiced against the health problem of blood Pb for young children from the cities.     

Identification of carbonaceous geosorbents for PAHs by organic petrography in river floodplain soils

Organic petrographic analysis was applied to provide direct information on carbonaceous geosorbents for PAHs in river floodplain soils. The anthropogenic OM group (primarily coal and coal-derived particles) displayed large volume amounts for all the soil samples. Distinct PAH concentrations with similar PAH distribution patterns were determined in grain size and density fractions for each sample. Two-ring PAHs had stronger correlation to organic carbon (OC) than black carbon (BC) contents, while heavier PAHs showed correlation to BC, rather than OC. In this study, we combined grain size and density separation, PAH determinations, TOC and BC measurements, and organic petrographic identification, and concluded that two-ring PAHs in soils were associated to coal particles. Other heavier PAHs could be more controlled by black carbon (BC), which were mostly coal-derived particles from former coal mining and coal industrial activity.     

STABLE ISOTOPE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE1

ABSTRACT: Stable isotopes of deuterium and oxygen-18 of surface and ground water, together with anion concentrations and hydraulic gradients, were used to interpret mixing and flow in ground water impacted by artificial recharge. The surface water fraction (SWF), the percentage of surface water in the aquifer impacted via recharge, was estimated at different locations and depths using measured deuterium/hydrogen (DIH) ratios during the 1992, 1993, and 1994 recharge seasons. Recharged surface water completely displaced the ground water beneath the recharge basins from the regional water table at 7.60 m to 12.16 m below the land surface. Mixing occurred beneath the recharge structures in the lower portions of the aquifer (>12.16 m). Approximately 12 m down-gradient from the recharge basin, the deeper zone (19.15 m depth) of the primary aquifer was displaced completely by recharged surface water within 193, 45, and 55 days in 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively. At the end of the third recharge season, recharged surface water represented ～50 percent of the water in the deeper zone of the primary aquifer ～1000 m downgradient from the recharge basin. A classic asymmetrical distribution of recharged surface water resulted from the recharge induced horizontal and vertical hydraulic gradients. The distribution and breakthrough times of recharged surface water obtained with stable isotopes concurred with those of major anions and bromide in a tracer test conducted during the 1995 recharge season. This stable isotope procedure effectively quantified mixing between surface and ground water.     

碳二馏分加氢反应装置火灾爆炸危险性评价

运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数评价方法 (第七版 ) ,对碳二馏分加氢反应装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和评价 ,其结果表明 ,该装置的火灾爆炸危险等级为“非常大”。为了降低该装置的危险程度 ,笔者提出了采取有效的安全补偿措施 ,以降低单元的危险程度的新思路。通过分析表明 ,针对部分补偿系数对装置进行安全改进 ,能有效地降低其危险性等级 ,同时可以为避免重大危险源火灾爆炸事故 ,提供切实可行的手段和途径。     

Levels and speciation of heavy metals in soils of industrial Southern Nigeria

A knowledge of the total content of trace metals is not enoughto fully assess the environmental impact of polluted soils. Forthis reason, the determination of metal species in solution isimportant to evaluate their behaviour in the environment andtheir mobilization capacity. Sequential extraction procedure wasused to speciate five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn) fromfour contaminated soils of Southern Nigeria into sixoperationally defined geochemical species: water soluble,enchangeable, carbonates, Fe-Mn oxide, organic and residual.Metal recoveries were within ± 10% of the independentlydetermined total Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations. The highest amount of Cd (avg. 30%) in the nonresidual fractionswas found in the exchangeable fraction, while Cu and Zn weresignificantly associated with the organic fraction. Thecarbonate fraction contained on average 14, 18.6, 12.6, 13 and11% and the residual fraction contained on average 47, 18, 33,50 and 25% of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn respectively. Assuming thatmobility and bioavailability of these metals are related to thesolubility of the geochemical form of the metals, and that theydecrease in the order of extraction sequence, the apparentmobility and potential bioavailability for these five metals inthe soil were: Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The mobility indexes ofcopper and nickel correlated positively and significantly withthe total content of metals, while mobility indexes of cadmiumand zinc correlated negatively and significantly with the totalcontent of metals.     

润滑油精制白土渣处理技术研究

介绍了一种回收白土渣中润滑油的新技术－溶剂抽提技术。通过对润滑油回收量的综合比较，确立了实验所用的抽提溶剂及处理工艺的操作条件。结果表明：用石脑油馏分（60℃－90℃）作抽提溶剂，最佳溶剂与白土渣投量比为1：1，抽提次数为2，温度为室温，搅拌时间为15min且回流液中润滑油质量百分比为5％情况下，润滑油回收率为92％左右，并且可形成稳定的循环模式。     

土壤轻组有机质

轻组有机质主要是由不同分解程度的植物残体和一些微生物结构体组成,它的改变可以用来指示土壤肥力的变化.本文综述了轻组的分离方法、轻组的组成、种植和施肥对轻组的影响、轻组在土壤团聚体和土壤剖面中的分布以及轻组的季节性变化.     

松花江水中天然有机物的提取分离与特性表征

将反渗透与XAD大孔树脂吸附技术相结合,对松花江水中天然有机物(NOM)进行了浓缩和分离,并采用紫外光谱、红外光谱、液相凝胶色谱、官能团滴定1、HNMR核磁共振等分析手段,对松花江水中NOM及其各分离组分和一种商用腐殖酸CHA的特性进行了比较和表征.结果表明,利用反渗透进行NOM浓缩对水中有机物具有很高的回收率;松花江水中NOM组成为:富里酸>腐殖酸>亲水部分;各组分芳香性为:腐殖酸>憎水部分>富里酸>亲水部分,E₄/E₆与芳香性之间缺乏必然的联系;腐殖酸和商用腐殖酸具有较高的不饱和性,NOM和亲水部分次之,憎水部分和富里酸中饱和烃含量较多;紫外吸收较弱的有机成分对NOM分子量的贡献较大;NOM及其分离组分的总酸度为9.84～12.15meq/g,羧酸含量为CHA>亲水>憎水>NOM>富里酸>腐殖酸;NOM及其各分离组分的溶解性有机物构成以脂肪烃为主.     

Relationship between light and heavy fractions of organic matter for several agricultural soils in China

Although numerous studies about the nature and turnover of soil organic matter（SOM） in light and heavy fractions（ LFOM and HFQM, respectively） have been made, little information is available in relation to the relationship between LFQM and HFOM, and no attempts have been made to quantify a general relationship between LFQM and HFQM for agricultural soils under field condition. Qur hypothesis is there may be an inherent relationship between LFQM and HFQM for agricultural soils under certain unaltered management practices for a long period, to this end, we therefore studied typically soils taken from different parts in China by using a simple density fractionation procedure. The results indicated that LFQM was positively correlated with LFOM/HFOM ratio for three typical soils. This information will be of particular use not only in deepening our understanding of the dynamics of SQM fractions but also in evaluating the potential of agricultural soils to sequestrate C under different management practices in a long term.     

Effects of bulking agent addition on odorous compounds emissions during composting of OFMSW

The effects of rice straw addition level on odorous compounds emissions in a pilot-scale organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) composting plant were investigated. The cumulative odorous compounds emissions occurred in a descending order of 40.22, 28.71 and 27.83 mg/dry kg of OFMSW for piles with rice straw addition level at ratio of 1:10, 2:10 and 3:10 (mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW on a wet basis), respectively. The mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW had a statistically significant effect on the reduction of malodorous sulfur compounds emissions, which had no statistically significant effect on the reduction of VFAs, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics and ammonia emissions during composting, respectively. The cumulative emissions of malodorous sulfur compounds from piles with the increasing rice straw addition level were 1.17, 1.08 and 0.88 mg/dry kg of OFMSW, respectively. The optimal mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW was 1:5. Using this addition level, the cumulative malodorous sulfur compounds emissions based on the organic matter degradation were the lowest during composting of OFMSW.