丰枯水期鄱阳湖表层水中羟基自由基浓度及其抗生素净化作用研究

鄱阳湖位于我国农业大省江西省,表层湖水中羟基自由基(HO·)引发的水体光化学反应,可能对流域内的农业污染物—抗生素具有潜在的净化作用.因此,本研究以氙灯模拟太阳光测得鄱阳湖及周边河流羟基自由基表观光量子产率(ΦHO·),在丰水期为(0.57~10.33)×10~(-5),枯水期为(0.45~3.52)×10~(-5).丰水期溶解态有机物(DOM)对HO·形成的贡献率为85.8%~98.7%,枯水期为58.5%~97.6%,表明DOM是HO·形成的主导物质.可能由于水体混合均匀,丰水期除抚河水体可能有其特殊的化学组成外,其它湖泊与河流的水化学组成接近,表现出随溶解态有机碳含量升高,ΦHO·呈先增大后减小的现象.枯水期水体各化学组成含量显著高于丰水期,光屏蔽与淬灭可能起主要作用,只有当NO_2~-含量较高时才显示出对HO·形成的贡献.依据太阳光强可得鄱阳湖丰水期及枯水期表层水HO·的稳态浓度分别为9.51×10~(-16)与4.92×10~(-17)mol·L~(-1),湖水中5种抗生素在HO·作用下的半衰期分别为2.3~13.9 d与44.5~268.7 d,丰水期鄱阳湖表现出更高的光化学净化能力.     

多核yolk?shell型Co3O4@mSiO2纳米反应器降解双酚A

采用阳离子表面活性剂协助的自模板法合成了中空介孔SiO₂微球（HMSS）,然后向含HMSS的悬浮液中加入醋酸钴溶液和氨水,让两种溶液经HMSS表面介孔进入空腔中反应生成Co₃O₄内核,合成了多核yolk-shell型Co₃O₄@mSiO₂（介孔SiO₂）纳米反应器.结合XRD、XPS、SEM、STEM、BET等手段,分析了纳米反应器的形貌、结构、元素形态和比表面积.结果显示纳米反应器均匀分散,粒径约为300nm,表面布满介孔,内部分布大量Co₃O₄纳米粒子,拥有极大的比表面积161m²/g,远大于Co₃O₄纳米粒子的比表面积35m²/g,能有效吸附双酚A（BPA）,1h吸附容量达12.7mg/g.多核yolk-shell型Co₃O₄@mSiO₂纳米反应器能高效催化过一硫酸氢盐（PMS）降解BPA,2h降解率达81.8%,远高于Co₃O₄纳米粒子的降解率51.3%,同时能节省PMS的投加量,避免水中盐度过高.此外,合成的纳米反应器具有很好的再利用性,在pH值3~9范围内表现出稳定而高效的催化性能.     

珠江三角洲4种代表性土壤/沉积物中自由态与结合态有机氯农药的含量与分布特征

有机氯农药在土壤/沉积物中主要以自由态和结合态存在.本研究选取珠江三角洲地区4种代表不同沉积环境的典型土壤/沉积物样品,先采用碱萃取、盐酸/氢氟酸去矿物等方法对样品进行了组分分离,再采用有机溶剂萃取法对不同组分中自由态和结合态有机氯农药进行了系统分析.结果显示,4种土壤/沉积物总有机氯农药含量为20.96～134.22 μg·kg^-1,其中HCHs总含量为5.66～22.87　μg·kg^-1,DDTs总含量为1.51～11.70　μg·kg^-1,β-HCH、七氯、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、硫丹硫酸盐和甲氧滴滴涕等6种农药为主要成分,占总有机氯农药的53.56%～77.26%.自由态有机氯农药含量为8.46～88.45　μg·kg^-1,占总有机氯农药的40.37%～65.90%.结合态有机氯农药含量为11.46～45.77　μg·kg^-1,占总有机氯农药的34.10%～59.63%,主要存在于土壤/沉积物的腐殖酸和胡敏素组分,反映了环境中结合态有机氯农药的大量存在.自由态DDT和HCH类有机氯农药的分布情况表明,4种样品均没有新鲜HCH类农药输入而部分样品仍有新鲜DDT类农药输入.结合态有机氯农药在腐殖酸和胡敏素间的分布与有机质碳含量相关,占总有机碳57.71%～80.55%的胡敏素结合了94.78%～97.48%的结合态有机氯农药.风险评价结果表明,部分游离态有机氯农药如γ-HCH、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、DDT类农药可能存在一定的生态风险.由于单个化合物的总量要比自由态高出约1～30倍,同时结合态农药在一定条件下有释放到环境的可能,因此有机氯农药的环境风险评价和环境标准建立均需考虑结合态有机氯农药.     

游离氨对城市生活垃圾渗滤液短程硝化的影响

为了考察游离氨(free ammonia,FA)对高氮城市生活垃圾渗滤液短程硝化的影响,采用“两级UASB-缺氧-好氧系统”处理实际城市生活垃圾渗滤液.首先在UASB1中实现同时反硝化与产甲烷反应,COD在UASB2中进一步去除,在A/O反应器中利用残余COD进行反硝化以及将NH⁺₄-N彻底硝化.试验共进行79 d,经历3个阶段,即稳定短程硝化(40 d)、短程硝化破坏(19 d)、短程硝化恢复(20 d).结果表明,适当的游离氨浓度（40～70 mg·L^-1）可实现稳定的短程硝化,如在阶段1中亚硝态氮积累率为97%,氨氮的去除率为99%.但游离氨浓度在160 mg·L^-1左右会抑制全部的硝化反应.在阶段3中,通过稀释原水降低了游离氨浓度,在短时间内就恢复了短程硝化.可见,游离氨是实现和维持城市生活垃圾渗滤液短程硝化的重要影响因素.     

镧对UV-B胁迫下大豆幼苗类黄酮含量与抗氧化能力影响

为进一步认识La(Ⅲ)提高类黄酮含量及减轻UV-B辐射伤害植物机制,以大豆幼苗为材料,采用水培实验的方法研究了La(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗类黄酮抗氧化能力的动态影响.结果表明, UV-B辐射(T1:0.15W·m-2和T2:0.45W·m-2)胁迫下,大豆幼苗类黄酮含量在胁迫期和恢复期均先升后降,质膜透性、MDA含量先升(1～5d)后降(6～11d),类黄酮对O·-2和·OH的清除率与其含量变化趋势近同.各处理组类黄酮含量La(Ⅲ) UV-B>UV-B>La(Ⅲ)>CK, La(Ⅲ) T1>La(Ⅲ) T2;质膜透性、MDA含量UV-B>La(Ⅲ) UV-B>CK>La(Ⅲ), La(Ⅲ) T2>La(Ⅲ) T1;类黄酮对O-2和·OH清除率La(Ⅲ) UV-B>UV-B>La(Ⅲ)>CK, La(Ⅲ) T1, La(Ⅲ) T2,表明La(Ⅲ)对类黄酮的调控作用,提高了清除活性氧自由基的运行效率,降低了MDA浓度,维持了质膜正常透性,且对低剂量(T1)的防护效果优于高剂量(T2),进而在防御系统层面实现了La(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射伤害大豆幼苗的防护效应.     

上海市城区春节和“五一”节期间大气挥发性有机物的组成特征

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是对流层臭氧和二次有机气溶胶等二次污染生成过程的关键前体物.研究VOCs的浓度水平、组成特征和反应活性对揭示复合型大气污染的形成机制具有重要意义.本研究利用在线气相-氢离子火焰法测量了2009年春节和"五一"节期间上海市城区大气中56种VOCs.结果表明,上海市城区大气受机动车尾气排放源影响明显,VOCs浓度日变化特征呈双峰状,与上下班交通高峰基本吻合.大气中VOCs平均体积分数为(28.39±18.35)×10-9;各组分百分含量依次为:烷烃46.6%,芳香烃27.0%,烯烃15.1%,乙炔11.2%.用OH消耗速率和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)评估了VOCs大气化学反应活性,结果表明,上海市城区大气VOCs化学反应活性与VOCs体积浓度相关性良好;VOCs活性与乙烯相当,平均化学反应活性较强;OH消耗速率贡献最大的物种是烯烃51.2%和芳香烃31.8%;OFP贡献最大的物种是芳香烃53.4%和烯烃30.2%;对臭氧生成贡献最大的关键活性物种为丙烯、乙烯、甲苯、二甲苯以及丁烯类物质.     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary effluent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater effluent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater e uent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary e uent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater e uent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

Modelling sulphate-enhanced cadmium uptake by Zea mays from nutrient solution under conditions of constant free Cd2+ ion activity

A controlled hydroponic experiment was undertaken to investigate Cd uptake in relation to the activity of Cd species in solution other than the free ion (Cd²⁺) by maintaining a constant Cd²⁺ activity under variable SO₄₂⁻ and Cl⁻ concentrations exposed to maize (Zea mays var. Cameron) plants. The objectives of these experiments were: (1) to distinguish and quantify the different uptake rates of free and inorganic-complexed Cd from nutrient solution, and (2) to model the uptake of Cd by maize with a Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) in a system which facilitates the close examination of root characteristics. Results of the current experiments suggest that, in addition to the free ion, CdSO₄⁰ complexes are important factors in determining Cd uptake in nutrient solution by maize plants. Higher nominal SO₄²⁻ concentrations in solution generally resulted in a greater Cd accumulation by maize plants than predicted by the Cd²⁺ activity. A better integration of the complete dataset for the 3 harvest times (6, 9 and 11 days after treatment) was achieved by including consideration of both the duration of Cd exposure and especially the root surface area to express Cd uptake. Similarly, the fit of the BLM was also improved when taking into account exposure time and expressing uptake in terms of root morphological parameters.     

以FA与FNA为控制因子的短程硝化启动与维持

为了实现污泥消化液旁侧脱氮,降低主处理区进水氮负荷,试验采用A/O工艺研究消化污泥脱水液短程硝化启动与维持,在常温、长SRT、较高DO条件下,逐步提高进水ALR(以N计)从0.23 kg/(m³·d)到0.78　kg/(m³·d),强化FA对NOB的抑制作用,成功启动了短程硝化.针对废水碱度不足的水质特征,利用FA与FNA的联合抑制使短程硝化得到稳定维持,在稳定运行的30　d内NO^-₂-N积累率一直保持在90%以上.在此期间反应器平均DO浓度一直保持在2 mg/L以上,即使平均DO浓度提高到4.8 mg/L左右,也未出现NO^-₂-N积累率降低,说明利用上述手段维持的短程硝化具有抵抗高DO冲击能力.通过降低进水ALR,导致反应器后段FNA浓度增加,强化了FNA的抑制作用,虽然FA的抑制作用降低,短程硝化仍然连续运行达2个月,当反应器后段FNA的抑制作用撤除后,短程硝化在3　d后被彻底破坏,充分证明了FNA对NOB抑制作用及其对维持本系统短程硝化所起的重要作用.