冻融条件下土壤N_2O排放研究进展

随着全球气候变化以及突发性气候事件频繁发生,温室气体逐渐成为公众普遍关注的问题.作为温室气体的重要组成之一,土壤N_2O气体排放也一直都是研究的焦点.但长期以来开展的土壤N_2O监测大多在作物生长季节,随着研究的深入和领域的拓展,很多试验和数据证实冻融条件下土壤N_2O的排放不容忽视.冻融条件下土壤N_2O排放主要受土壤水分形态和分布,土壤团聚体形成或破碎,土壤微生物种群和数量,以及N_2O产生途径变化等因素影响.从以上几个方面综述了国内外冻融条件下土壤N_2O排放的研究进展.结合作者相关研究结果认为应加强以下重点领域研究:土壤团聚体形成或破碎导致微生物可利用的有机碳的包被或释放,冻融过程微生物种群变化引起对不同氮素形态的利用效率差异.解决这些问题将可以进一步丰富土壤温室气体产排领域的研究内容和理论体系.     

冻融对污染场地土壤重金属稳定化性能的影响

为了分析冻融对污染场地土壤重金属稳定化性能的影响,采用赤泥和硫化钠作为添加剂,对土壤中的Pb、Zn和Cd进行稳定化处理,并通过模拟冻融过程,分析冻融循环后重金属的浸出毒性、生物可给性、土壤pH和土壤结构的变化,探讨冻融循环对稳定化处理土壤中重金属长期稳定性能的影响. 结果表明:稳定化处理后土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的浸出毒性比原始供试土壤分别降低了98.5%、99.8%和99.7%. 养护30 d后,稳定化处理土壤中Zn和Cd的生物可给性分别由28.8%、49.5%降至11.5%、21.8%,Pb的生物可给性由52.9%升至57.9%. 经过30 d冻融循环后,冻融土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的浸出毒性比原始供试土壤中相应重金属质量分数分别增加了4.27、2.47、89.65 mg/L. 经过冻融循环后,土壤中重金属的生物可给性比未冻融土壤略有升高. 随着养护时间和冻融时间的延长,土壤pH呈升高趋势. 不同阶段土壤扫描电镜结果显示,冻融循环致使土壤空隙变大、结构松散,说明冻融循环对稳定化土壤结构有一定损伤. 分析结果表明,冻融过程增加了Pb、Zn和Cd释放的环境风险.      

冻融对污水河道沉积物特性及脱水性能的影响

为了降低污水河道治理过程中污染沉积物的含水率以减少其对环境的二次污染,对污水河道沉积物在自然条件下和人为条件下进行冻融实验研究,通过冻融前后沉积物比阻抗、含水率、颗粒分布及渗出液中污染物含量等实验说明冻融对污染沉积物脱水性能及其特性有影响.研究表明,冻融过程使沉积物的比表面积变小,体均粒径变大,泥水明显分离,含水率从冻前83%～85%降到融后的50%～60%;大量间隙水、毛细结合水和表面粘附水游离出来,提高了沉积物的脱水性能;比阻值由(1.2～4.1)×10⁹s²/g降为(3.8～5.2)×10⁷s²/g;同时渗出液的SS含量由1 000～1 200mg/kg降到340～380 mg/kg、氨氮含量由150～170 mg/kg降到100～120 mg/kg、BOD含量由300～310 mg/kg降到50～60 mg/kg,但渗出液中油类物质含量由1～2mg/kg提高到11～12 mg/kg,即如果沉积物不是被油类物质污染,冻融可使渗出液污染程度小于冻前沉积物的渗出液.     

Linking Cellulose Fiber Sediment Methyl Mercury Levels to Organic Matter Decay and Major Element Composition

Methylation of mercury (Hg) to highly toxic methyl Hg (MeHg), a process known to occur when organic matter (OM) decomposition leads to anoxia, is considered a worldwide threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. We measured temporal and spatial variations in sediment MeHg, total Hg (THg), and major elements in a freshwater lagoon in Sweden polluted with Hg-laden cellulose fibers. Fiber decomposition, confined to a narrow surface layer, resulted in loss of carbon (C), uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), and increased MeHg levels. Notably, fiber decomposition and subsequent erosion of fiber residues will cause buried contaminants to gradually come closer to the sediment–water interface. At an adjacent site where decomposed fiber accumulated, there was a gain in C and a loss of S when MeHg increased. As evidenced by correlation patterns and vertical chemical profiles, reduced S may have fueled C-fixation and Hg methylation at this site.     

The International Boreal Forest Research Association: Understanding Boreal Forests and Forestry in a Changing World

Boreal forests represent a biome of the planet whose unique characteristics are changing rapidly under the influence of both human and natural pressures. These forests hold the key to current and future supply of coniferous industrial wood and at the same time play a significant role in regulating Earth's climatic system. Expected to be one of the most rapidly impacted regions of the world by future climate change, the boreal biome has already been substantially affected by global change. It is likely that if unabated, continued change will lead to impoverishment and degradation of boreal ecosystems, with consequent loss of vital services upon which human society depends. An improved systems understanding of the functioning of circumpolar boreal forests is a pressing challenge for boreal forest science and is needed in order to estimate their resilience to perturbations, to predict likely responses to the changing environment, and to design mitigation strategies. With such understanding, coordinated international efforts can be focused on developing anticipatory strategies for adaptation to, and mitigation of dangerous consequences of global change for boreal resources. The International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA) provides a focus for international research on these issues and serves as a global window for boreal forest science and sustainable forest management in the boreal region.     

Agent-based simulation of effects of stress on forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hübner) population dynamics

The forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hübner) (FTC) has an outbreak cycle of approximately 10 years; however, smaller spatial scale analyses show some regions have longer or more frequent periods of high defoliation. This may be a result of local forest fragmentation, pollution or other sources of stress that may affect FTC directly or indirectly through stress on their hosts or parasitoids. Population dynamics of FTC were examined to investigate how stress may alter the severity and frequency of defoliation. We developed a spatially explicit agent-based model to simulate the host-parasitoid dynamics of FTC. Theoretical and empirically derived parameters were established using past literature and over 50 years of population data of FTC from Ontario, Canada. We find that increasing FTC fecundity, FTC dispersal or parasitoid mortality resulted in more severe outbreaks while a decrease in parasitoid fecundity or searching efficiency resulted in an overall elevation of defoliation. Parasitoid efficiency was the most effective parameter for altering the FTC defoliation. Since plant stress has been shown to alter several of these parameters in nature due to changes in food quality, habitat suitability, and chemical cue interference, our results suggest that forests affected by stressors such as climate change and pollution will have more severe and frequent defoliation from these insects than surrounding unaffected forests. As stressors such as drought and pollution emissions are predicted to increase in frequency or intensity over the next few decades, understanding how they may affect the outbreak cycle of a forest defoliator can aid in planning strategies to reduce the detrimental effects of this insect.     

Biodegradation of Kupferschiefer black shale organic matter (Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland) by indigenous microorganisms

This study provides the first evidence for the direct biodegradation of persistent organic matter extracted from the organic-rich polymetallic black shale ore Kupferschiefer, one of the most important sources of metals in the world. It was demonstrated that an enriched community of indigenous heterotrophic microorganisms isolated from black shale grown under aerobic conditions could utilize shale organic matter as the sole carbon and energy source. Colonization of shale organic matter was observed. The main biodegradation intermediates and products such as phosphonic acid dioctadecyl ester and isoindole-1,3 were detected in the aqueous phase of cultures. The bacterial community showed the ability to PAH biodegradation, assimilation of organic acids and esters as well as lipase activity. The intracellular accumulation of phosphorus by bacteria during growth on organic matter was confirmed. Strains within the genus Pseudomonas were found to dominate the bacterial population at the end of the experiment. The results of this study confirm that indigenous bacteria are likely to play a role in the biotransformation of black shale and can influence the geochemical cycles of ancient organic carbon in the deep terrestrial subsurface. This process may also occur in tailings ponds containing black shale, and cause the mobilization of potentially toxic compounds to the soil and groundwater.     

再生混凝土冻融后基本力学性能试验研究

为了研究再生混凝土的抗冻融性能,进行了不同再生粗骨料和不同再生细骨料取代率的54个立方体试块和27个棱柱体试件的抗冻融性能试验。基于试验,分析了分别经25次、50次、75次和100次冻融循环后,各阶段棱柱体试件的表观特征、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量改变量以及立方体试块的抗压强度损失率;研究了"试件质量损失率-冻融循环次数"、"试件相对动弹性模量改变量-冻融循环次数"的变化规律;提出了适于寒冷地区建造房屋结构的再生混凝土骨料及其取代率。研究表明,再生粗骨料取代率为50%、细骨料为普通砂的试件,经100次冻融循环后,其表观特征、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量改变量均与普通混凝土相差不多,经合理设计,仅掺入不高于50%的再生粗骨料的再生混凝土可用于寒冷地区混凝土房屋结构。     

Customer‐related social stressors and service providers' affective reactions

Previous research has shown that customer‐related social stressors (CSS) have negative effects on service providers' long‐term well‐being. Little is known, however, about short‐term and mid‐term affective stress reactions and reciprocal effects between service providers' affect and CSS. The aim of this study was to expand extant research (i) by analyzing service providers' short‐term (across a day) and mid‐term (across 2 weeks) affective reactions to perceived CSS; (ii) by analyzing intraindividual as well as interindividual effects; and (iii) by investigating reciprocal effects of affective reactions and CSS that may eventually lead to psychosocial cycles. Our study employed a diary design with three measurement occasions per day over five consecutive days and a two‐week panel design using a sample of employees from public service organizations (N = 106). Results showed that CSS elicit changes in service providers' short‐term and mid‐term negative affects. We also found support for reversed effects of service providers' affective reactions on experienced CSS indicating psychosocial cycles between customers and service providers. To prevent escalation, we discuss potential resources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling the dynamic air-water-sediment coupled fluxes and occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls in a high altitude lake

The BIODEP model in terms of atmosphere-lake interactions was developed. The model was applied to an oligotrophic, dimictic high altitude lake (Lake Redo, Pyrenees) for a range of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. High altitude lakes, which receive their contaminant inputs uniquely from the atmosphere through long-range atmospheric transport, provide ideal controlled environments for the study of the interactions between atmospheric depositional and water column biogeochemical processes. The BIODEP model was able to predict dissolved water concentrations and PCB accumulation in the lake sediment within a factor of 2. This shows that the BIODEP model captures the essential processes driving the sink of POPs in high altitude lakes and that POP occurrence in the lake is driven by direct atmospheric inputs with limited influence from the watershed. An important seasonal variability in water column concentrations is predicted which should have important implications in sampling strategies. Furthermore, it is shown that diffusive air-water exchange dominated the PCB dynamics in the lake, especially for the less chlorinated biphenyls.