大庆湖泊群水体和淡水鱼中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评估

2012年2~4月采集大庆湖泊群18个典型湖泊30个水体和36个鱼体样品,并对水体和5种鱼组织(鱼鳃、肝脏、鱼脑、肾脏和肌肉)样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度进行分析测定.结果显示,水中PAHs总量为0.2~1.21μg·L-1,浓度最高值出现在月亮泡.利用统计学聚类分析方法对18个湖泊水体PAHs浓度进行分类,并进一步应用PAHs比值分析和物种敏感性分布模型对不同湖泊组湖泊水体PAHs分别进行来源分析和生态风险评估.结果表明,18个湖泊水体PAHs浓度统一聚类分成4个湖泊组,其中月亮泡(YLP)和东大海(DDH)两个湖泊分别单独成一类,其他14个湖泊被聚类分为XHH组和DQSK组两个湖泊组.湖泊水体中PAHs除了YLP组主要来自石油污染,其他湖泊PAHs的输入均为木柴和煤燃烧所致.根据国际和国内地表水环境质量标准,大庆湖泊群4个湖泊组水体PAHs浓度水平均有不同程度超标.其中YLP组和XHH组大部分水样中PAHs浓度超出美国环保署(US EPA)规定的16种PAHs限量值,尤其YLP组中致癌性最强的苯并[a]芘浓度已经超过了我国地表水环境质量标准;而DQSK组和DDH组也有少量几种PAHs超出水质标准.大庆湖泊群鲤鱼种和鲢鱼种5种组织器官内16种PAHs浓度检测结果及统计分析结果显示,除鲤鱼鳃中的蒽浓度显著高于鲢鱼鳃,其他15种PAHs在两类鱼种中无显著差异.而同鱼种不同组织器官中PAHs浓度存在明显差异性,肝脏和肾脏作为污染物外源传播的主要器官,其浓度明显高于肌肉、鳃和脑组织中PAHs的浓度,是PAHs在鱼体内累积的重要器官.对水生生物的生态风险和淡水鱼消费健康风险评估结果显示,4个典型湖泊组水体中PAHs对水生生物生态风险均较小,鲤鱼和鲢鱼鱼肉消费也均无饮食健康风险.     

长江口崇明渔港表层沉积物中丁基锡赋存特征及生态风险

在长江口及崇明岛沿岸渔港采集表层沉积物样品,通过超声萃取-乙基化衍生技术提取沉积物中的丁基锡化合物,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析沉积物中的丁基锡赋存特征。结果显示,在长江口的参考点沉积物中均未发现有机锡化合物,而在各调查的渔港沉积物中均检出丁基锡,总浓度在1.6~58.8 ng Sn·g-1(干重,以下同)之间变化。表层沉积物的三丁基锡(TBT)、二丁基锡(DBT)和一丁基锡(MBT)浓度范围分别为ND~28.7 ng Sn·g-1,ND~22.1 ng Sn·g-1,1.6~8 ng Sn·g-1。其中,堡镇港TBT污染水平最高;老滧港和奚家港口门处沉积物中TBT浓度与新河港差不多(平均为17.2 ng Sn·g-1),而在港口内部沉积物中均未检出TBT,仅有MBT残存。检出TBT的样点,均在大型渔船码头、客运游艇码头或船厂附近,其浓度均超过澳大利亚和新西兰推荐的TBT沉积物质量基准(ISQG)触发值,即5 ng Sn·g-1。同时各样点暴露浓度(PECsed)与预测无效应浓度(PNECsed)的商值均大于1,SQG和PECsed/PNECsed两个方面均反映了崇明岛渔业港口沉积物中的TBT存在生态风险。综上,长江口地区沉积物中有机锡化合物形态和浓度差异很大,码头或船厂附近沉积物中有机锡污染问题值得优先关注。     

Ecological Feasibility Studies in Restoration Decision Making

The restoration of degraded systems is essential for maintaining the provision of valuable ecosystem services, including the maintenance of aesthetic values. However, restoration projects often fail to reach desired goals for a variety of ecologic, financial, and social reasons. Feasibility studies that evaluate whether a restoration effort should even be attempted can enhance restoration success by highlighting potential pitfalls and gaps in knowledge before the design phase of a restoration. Feasibility studies also can bring stakeholders together before a restoration project is designed to discuss potential disagreements. For these reasons, a feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of restoring a tidal freshwater marsh in the Potomac River near Alexandria, Virginia. The study focused on science rather than engineering questions, and thus differed in approach from other feasibility studies that are mostly engineering driven. The authors report the framework they used to conduct a feasibility study to inform other potential restoration projects with similar goals. The seven steps of the framework encompass (1) initiation of a feasibility study, (2) compilation of existing data, (3) collection of current site information, (4) examination of case studies, (5) synthesis of information in a handbook, (6) meeting with selected stakeholders, and (7) evaluation of meeting outcomes. By conducting a feasibility study using the seven-step framework, the authors set the stage for conducting future compliance studies and enhancing the chance of a successful restoration.     

氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡的影响

以小叶章沼泽化草甸为对象,利用静态箱-气相色谱法,在三江平原进行野外原位试验,研究氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡及其各分量的影响.氮素输入后,沼泽湿地生态系统总初级生产力提高,生物量增大,分别比对照处理增加了10%和26.8%.同时,CH₄和生态系统呼吸CO₂排放量提高,而生态系统CO₂净交换(NEE)和净碳(CO₂和CH₄都转化成对应的碳)交换降低,CO₂、CH₄和NEE的季节变化动态未改变.2004年整个生长季氮输入处理的CO₂和CH₄排放量分别比对照处理升高了34%和145%,NEE和净碳交换分别降低了70%和81.6%,但整个生长季2个处理仍然表现为碳的净吸收.氮输入没有改变沼泽湿地碳“汇”的功能,只是减弱了其作为碳“汇”的功能.     

环渤海地区主要港口竞争力评价

随着经济中心的不断东移，东北亚以其独特的地缘优势和经济互补优势正逐渐成为世界经济的新增长点，依托港口优势发展腹地经济也成为各大港口研究的重要课题。引入因子分析方法，以环渤海地区港口群为研究对象，利用2009年统计数据对影响港口竞争力指标进行处理并横向比较，得出港口竞争力排名，同时进行了分析。结果表明，青岛、天津、大连三大港口竞争力最强，但大连港稍显落后。在三大子港口群中，山东子港口群综合优势显著，辽宁子港I：3群存在腹地经济落后、恶性竞争等问题，津冀港口群受行政区划限制，港口资源整合困难。     

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF STREAM CHANNELIZATION1

ABSTRACT Geologic, engineering, and biological investigations of six Pennsylvania coldwater streams were undertaken to determine the impact of channel modifications instituted both prior to and following Hurricane Agnes. The primary focus of the study was on the ecological changes brought about by stream channelization. No long-term deleterious effects on water quality, attached algae, benthic fauna, or forage fish populations were found. Trout, however, were found to be greater in numbers and weight in natural than in channelized stream reaches. Lack of suitable physical habitat appears to be the primary cause of reduced trout populations in stream reaches which have been channelized.     

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN THE LOXAIIATCHEE ESTUARY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: A study was initiated to examine the effects of wind speed, wind direction, freshwater inflow, and tide height on suspended solid concentration and distribution in the Loxahatchee estuary, Florida. Recent efforts to increase freshwater flows in this system raised concerns that suspended solid concentrations would increase as well, which might result in negative impacts for the estuary. The data indicated that total suspended solids (TSS) in the estuary are derived primarily from the inlet and not from freshwater tributaries. In addition, total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids were correlated strongly with salinity, suggesting that suspended sediments act conservatively throughout this system. No one environmental factor had an overwhelming influence on suspended solid concentration throughout the estuary; different regions of the estuary were influenced by different factors. Freshwater inflow was negatively related to TSS in the upper reaches of the estuary but was positively related to TSS in the central embayment region of the estuary. We attribute this latter finding to the fact that extremely high inflows both prevented the normal transport upstream of tidal borne suspended sediments and promoted mixing when the freshwater front moving downstream confronted the tidal front moving upstream. Wind speed, wind direction, and tide height had relatively small effects on TSS concentration but were most influential in reaches upstream of the central embayment, where tidal velocity begins to diminish.     

CONTROL OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND PHYTOPLANKTON WITH FISHES AND A MUSSEL1

ABSTRACT: Filtering efficiency of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), carp (Cyprinus carpio), and a freshwater mussel (Elliptio coinpianata) was measured in field and laboratory trials to assess the ability of each species to control phytoplankton and suspended solid densities. All fish species tested were ineffective filterers and generally increased, rather than suppressed, algal and suspended solid concentrations. Filtering efficiencies of fish varied between -354 and 84 percent, depending on the size, shape, abundance, palatability, composition, and resistance to digestion of the particles. Because of poor filtering abilities, unpredictable feeding habits, and sensitivity to stress, the fish species examined are not effective biological controls in waste lagoons. In contrast, the freshwater mussel Elliptio was a highly effective control organism, averaging 66 percent filtering efficiency over a wide size range of algal and suspended particles. Filtration efficiency was positively correlated with mussel density. Elliptio was efficient at filtering small particles, which are particularly difficult to remove. Mean filtration rates ranged from 53 to 134 ml/mussel/h depending on the algal species consumed and algal densities (range 50–180,000 cells/ml) and 3 mg/L/mussel/h on suspended solids (range 14 to 112 mg/L). Water clarification was facilitated by both direct consumption and pseudofeces deposition. Elliptio and probably other mussel species can effectively control algae and suspended solids in wastewater lagoons and eutrophic lakes, if environmental conditions, especially dissolved oxygen levels, are suitable (>5 mg/L) for their survival.     

渔港布局及沿海渔港经济圈的构想

"点-轴系统"空间结构理论是区域开发的基础性理论.在渔港布局中运用该理论,首先确定各个海湾区域的重点渔港与城镇之间的多级发展轴线,在此基础上构建多个沿海渔港经济圈,带动渔港和海岸带的经济发展.