亚高山湖群中真菌群落的分布格局和多样性维持机制

真菌群落的组成和多样性对维持亚高山湖泊生态系统平衡具有重要影响.本文以包括琵琶海(PPH,0、2和4 m)、马营海(MYH,0、2、4和6 m)和公海(GH,0、2、4、6和8 m)在内的亚高山湖群中不同深度的水生真菌群落为研究对象,通过高通量测序的方法探究真菌群落的分布格局和多样性维持机制(确定性过程VS随机过程).结果表明,不同湖泊水质差异明显,GH中p H、电导率、铵态氮、总碳和无机碳含量均显著高于其他两者.真菌群落主要由子囊菌门(Ascomycota,0. 82%～21. 05%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota, 1. 26%～11. 79%)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota, 0. 42%～4. 26%)和隐真菌门(Rozellomycota,0. 11%～0. 33%)等组成.囊担子菌纲(Cystobasidiomycetes)、座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)、壶菌纲(Chytridiomycetes)和粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)为所有湖泊共有.不同湖泊真菌群落的α-多样性和优势类群差异显著(P 0. 05),而在每个湖内不同深度之间没有显著的差异.相似性分析结果表明,不同湖之间真菌群落的β-多样性明显不同(r=0. 99,P 0. 01),同时MYH(r=0. 98,P 0. 01)和GH(r=0. 25,P 0. 05)不同深度真菌群落的β-多样性也差异明显,但是PPH(r=0. 23,P 0. 05)不同深度真菌群落的β-多样性没有显著的差异.冗余分析和方差分解分析结果表明,在小区域范围内(3个湖之间)以及局域范围内(MYH不同深度)真菌群落的β-多样性格局是环境选择和扩散限制共同影响的结果,但是环境选择的相对作用更强,其中水体p H、溶解氧、总碳和电导率是主要的影响因子.零模型分析结果表明,种间相互作用驱动了GH中真菌群落β-多样性格局的维持.总之,亚高山湖群中真菌群落的β-多样性格局主要是由确定性过程驱动的.     

内生真菌感染对黑麦草若干抗旱生理特征的影响

对周期性干旱胁迫下内生真菌感染（EI）和非感染（EF）的黑麦草植株的几项生理指标进行了比较。结果表明，干旱胁迫导致EI和EF叶片相对水分含量下降，细胞膜透性增加，游离脯氨酸累积，叶绿素，类胡萝 纱和淀粉含量下降，可溶性糖含量增加，与EF植株相比，干旱胁迫下EI植株可溶性糖含量较高，膜透性及脯氨酸含量均较低，从生理生化角度说明内生真菌可提高其宿主植物的抗旱性。图3参39     

A test method to determine rapidly if polymers are biodegradable

Polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone/polyethylene blends were exposed to two consortia, one containing three fungi (Aspergillus niger, Gliocladium virens, andPenicillium funiculosum) and one five fungi (the three aforementioned plusAureobasidium pullulans andChaetomium globosum). Evidence of metabolization of the polymer by the five-fungus consortium was obtained from the greater oxygen consumption in the presence of polycaprolactone than in the absence of the polymer. Minor differences in the composition of the consortium result in major differences in the ability of the consortium to utilize the polymer as a carbon source.Certain commercial products are identified in order adequately to specify experimental procedures. In no case does such identification imply endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology or that the material is necessarily the best available for the purpose.     

Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

Metabolism of n-C10:0 and n-C11:0 fatty acids by Trichoderma koningii,Penicillium janthinellum and their mixed culture: I. Biomass and CO2 production,and allocation of intracellular lipids

The capacity of two soil fungi, Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum, to oxidize n-C_10:0 and n-C_11:0 fatty acids to CO₂ and store intracellular lipids during growth is unknown. This article reports for the first time the metabolism of decanoic acid (DA, C_10:0), undecanoic acid (UDA, n-C_11:0), a mixture of the acids (UDA+DA) and a mixture of UDA+ potato dextrose broth (PDB) by T. koningii and P. janthinellum and their mixed culture. A control PDB complex substrate was used as a substrate control treatment. The fungal cultures were assayed for their capacity to: (1) oxidize n-C_10:0 and n-C_11:0 fatty acids to CO₂ and (2) store lipids intracellularly during growth. On all four fatty acid substrates, the mixed T. koningii and P. janthinellum culture produced more biomass and CO₂ than the individual fungal cultures. Per 150 mL culture, the mixed species culture grown on UDA+PDB and on PDB alone produced the most biomass (7,567 mg and 11,425 mg, respectively). When grown in DA, the mixed species culture produced the least amount of biomass (6,400 mg), a quantity that was lower than those obtained in UDA (7,550 mg) or UDA+DA (7,270 mg). Amounts of CO₂ produced ranged from 210 mg under DA to 618 mg under PDB, and these amounts were highly correlated with biomass (r² = 0.99). Fluorescence microscopy of stained lipids in the mixed fungal cell cultures growing during the exponential phase demonstrated larger fungal cells and higher accumulation of lipids in membranes and storage bodies than those observed during the lag and stationary phases. T. koningii and P. janthinellum grown on n-C_10:0 and n-C_11:0 fatty acids produced lower amounts of biomass and CO₂, but stored higher amounts of intracellular lipids, than when grown on PDB alone.     

Influence of cadmium on the growth of Agrocybe perfecta and two Pleurotus spp and translocation from polluted substrate and soil to fruitbodies

The presence of Cd in substrate (wheat straw) strongly depressed the growth and mineralization of substrate by Agrocybe perfecta. Pleurolus ostreatoroseus was only slightly depressed and Pleurotus sp. CCB 068 increased degradation by the two highest Cd concentration. Mineralization rate of fungal substrate were increased by indigenous soil flora. However increase in Cd concentrations added to the soil depressed mineralisation of organic matter. Cadmium also affected the fruitbody yield and only Pleurotus sp. was able to fructify in high Cd concentrations. Translocation and accumulation of Cd in fruitbodies increased with the increase of Cd concentrations in substrate.     

Sludge-grown algae for culturing aquatic organisms: Part I. Algal growth in sludge extracts

This project is aimed at studying the feasibility of using sewage sludge to prepare culture media for microalgae (Chlorella-HKBU) and the use of the sludge-grown algae as a feed for some aquatic organisms. Part I of the project included results on preparing sludge extracts and their use on algal culture. By comparing two culturing techniques, aeration and shaking, it was noted that both lag and log phases were shortened in the aeration system. A subsequent experiment noted that algal growth subject to aeration rates of 1.0 and 1.5 liters/min had similar lag and log phases. In addition, both aeration rates had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) final cell density than that of 0.5 liters/min. A detailed study on the variation of growth conditions on the algal growth was done. The results indicated that pH values of all the cultures declined below 5 at day 12. The removal rates of ammonia N ranged from 62% to 70%. The sludge-grown algae contained a rather substantial amount of heavy metals (µg/g): Zn 289–581, Cu 443–682, Ni 310–963, Mn 96–126, Cr 25–118, and Fe 438–653. This implied that the rather high levels of heavy metals may impose adverse effects on higher trophic organisms.     

浙北地区真菌气溶胶示踪物季节分布特征

于2014年12月—2015年11月收集了浙江北部地区4个采样点的PM2.5样品,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪分析获得真菌气溶胶示踪物阿糖醇和甘露醇的浓度,研究了浙北地区真菌气溶胶的季节性变化特征及其来源.观测结果显示,浙北地区阿糖醇和甘露醇的年均浓度分别为(5.6±0.7)和(5.7±1.3)ng·m-3.真菌气溶胶示踪物夏季浓度最高,可能是由于当地夏季频繁的生物质燃烧和温暖湿润的气候条件促进了真菌孢子的释放;另外,在该地区真菌孢子对气溶胶中有机碳(OC)的贡献并不显著(1%).主成分分析显示,真菌气溶胶示踪物(阿糖醇、甘露醇)和生物质燃烧示踪物(左旋葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、半乳聚糖、nss-K+)在整个采样过程中都包含在同一个因子中,表明浙北地区大气中真菌气溶胶持续受到生物质燃烧排放源的影响.     

松花江吉林段土壤有机组分的雄激素干扰效应

利用重组AR(雄激素受体)基因酵母,结合土壤样品索氏提取、富集和净化方法,开展松花江流域吉林段土壤有机组分雄激素干扰效应及其分布特征研究. 结果表明:所有样品均未检测出显著的AR诱导活性;部分样品检测出AR抑制活性,检出率为62.50%,最大抑制率为61.74%;采用RIC20(抑制率为20.00%时,96孔板每孔所需要的土壤当量,单位为mg/well)表征样品的抑制活性,RIC20在1.01~9.03 mg/well之间, 表明松花江吉林段土壤中存在AR抑制活性物质,可能具有潜在的环境危害. 研究区土壤雄激素干扰效应的分布特征表明,干扰效应分布与产业布局呈一定的相关性;工业区的AR抑制活性明显高于农田区,表明化工原料及产品的生产和使用及工业废水的排放可能是该地区土壤中AR抑制活性的重要来源.      

Microwave-assisted acid extraction of the major metal elements in herbal extracts followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) determination

The content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn was determined in Rosa damascena, Vitis vinifera, Crocus sativus, and Olea europaea L. herbal extracts produced in different areas in Greece. Samples were mineralized in a closed microwave system using nitric acid, and the concentration of all metals was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The herbal extracts contained As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, and Pb at concentrations below their respective limits of detection, whereas Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn were determined in varying quantities. The proposed method is precise and accurate, thus it can be used for the determination of metals in Rosa damascena, Vitis vinifera, Crocus sativus, and Olea europaea L. herbal extracts.