PREDICTING IMPACTS FROM WATER CONSERVATION AND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ON THE SALTON SEA,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: An input-output model was developed to predict changes in Salton Sea salinity and water level until the year 2000 due to proposed water conservation efforts and geothermal and solar pond energy developments. The model SALINP provided good agreement with the observed salinities for 1960–80. While SALINP was not overly sensitive to one-year changes in any of the major inputs, a change in the historical means of the Imperial Valley runoff and evaporative loss inputs produced a significant effect on future predictions. The proposed water conservation measures caused the predicted Salton Sea salinity for 2000 to greatly exceed 40,000 ppm, the level at which adverse effects to wildlife are believed to occur. The possible geothermal development also produced predicted salinities considerably above 40,000 ppm. The salinity predictions for solar ponds by themselves and in conjunction with geothermal development were below 45,000 ppm for 2000. The solar pond and geothermal combination also resulted in a predicted lowering of the “natural” water level by 5 to 7 feet by 2000.     

Performance analysis of different orc power plant configurations using solar and geothermal heat sources

ABSTRACT

Energy optimization is performed on hybrid solar-geothermal power plant working according to Organic Rankine Cycle and installed in southern Tunisia. The performances of four different configurations of the power plant are studied. Mass and energy balances are established for the different compounds. The effects of the main operating parameters such as the geothermal water temperature, ambient temperature and direct normal irradiation on the power plant performances are analyzed. A code is established using Engineering Equation Solver software (EES) to perform the required calculations. Obtained results show that the hybrid solar-geothermal power plant with a heat recovery system is the most suitable configuration design giving a better overall energy efficiency of 15.77 and13.11% and a maximum net power of 1089 and 1882 kW in winter and summer, respectively. However, in the summer season, using a heat recovery system can valuable only when the water temperature is higher than 66°C. For air-cooled condenser, the suitable condensing pressure is 1 bar in winter and 1.9 bars in summer.     

江西省龙南县汤湖地热资源浅析

江西省龙南县汤湖地热田地表热水温度62~72°C,涌水量3095 m3/d。热水中偏硅酸、锂、锶、氟及氡含量较高,微硫化氢气味,无生物、化学污染,可用于采暖、医疗、洗浴。     

甘肃武山地热田水化学与地热水起源

通过对武山地热田地热水和地下冷水的水化学和同位素分析,结果表明武山地热水的出露温度为18.2~42.1℃,TDS含量为238~255 mg/L,属于低矿化度的HCO3型水。相对于地下冷水,地热水有更高的S iO2、F含量,说明经历了比冷水更长的循环深度。水化学特征表明武山地热水为大气降水与岩石相互作用的初级阶段。武山冷水和地热水的同位素沿着西北大气降水线分布,由于地热水的水岩相互作用时间较长,有更低的δD和δ18O值,说明武山地热水是大气来源的。综合运用各种地热温标估算武山地热水的热储温度范围在70~106℃之间,按照甘肃东部的平均地温梯度(35℃/km),得出武山地热水循环深度为1.74~2.77 km,属于中低温地热系统。此研究为今后可持续开发武山地热水提供了科学依据。     

汶川地震前周至深井观测数据的异常特征

分析了汶川地震前后周至台流体数据异常特征,特别对该台水位、流量数字化资料分钟值的的毛刺现象进行了深入研究,并用水位的整点值做了潮汐变化分析和小波分析.结果表明,汶川地震前,该台流体观测有一定的前兆显示,为流体学科的异常判定提出了新的思路.     

青藏铁路沿线（那曲-拉萨段）地热资源开发利用现状及存在的主要问题研究

通过对青藏铁路沿线（那曲-拉萨段）地热资源的调查,发现该段在直线距离不足240km,离铁路最远不超过55km的区域内,出露的地热显示区（点）近40处,目前开发利用的有5处,开发率不足13％,开发利用方向主要为洗浴和发电。通过对沿线地热能开发利用现状分析研究,得出沿线地热能开发利用中存在的主要问题有：（1）开发利用不合理;（2）综合利用率低;（3）环境地质问题严重;（4）深部地热资源勘探不足尤其是高温干热岩的勘探不足等问题。     

Energy and temperature performance analysis of geothermal (ground source) heat pumps integrated with permeable pavement systems for urban run-off reuse

Geothermal (ground source) heat pumps (GHP) and permeable pavement systems (PPS) have demonstrated their effectiveness in both industry and academic research during recent decades. To meet the rising demand for sustainable, recyclable and energy efficient techniques, research has focused on the combination of techniques to enhance existing or develop new applications.

This paper reports on an experimental programme that combined GHP with PPS for nutrient removal and system energy balancing. Experimental data collected over a 3-year period have provided evidence of highly efficient removal rates of up to 99% for ammonia–nitrate and biochemical oxygen demand; and 96% removal rates were obtained for orthophosphate–phosphorus. This paper also contains energy efficiency ratio (EER) and coefficient of performance (COP) calculations. Cyclic heat removal and heat rejection allowed for stable temperature and pump COP and EER sustainability. The results prove that PPS systems are appropriate for GHP installation, delivering high and stable pollutant removal with EER efficiencies between 1.5 and 5.5.

The combination of GHP with PPS has the potential to provide a new sustainable and eco-friendly practice.     

成矿流体活动的地温信息及地球物理示踪

本文对流体活动与地温结构的相互作用关系流体活动的热效应、地温异常导致的地球化学效应、流体活动 -地热传输的耦合过程及其模拟进行了研究。初步建立了识别流体活动热效应的地球物理及地球化学标志 ,指出通过热史模拟、流体史模拟、热-质迁移模拟及地球物理等方法识别这些标志可以进行流体活动的示踪。     

承德市隆化县茅荆坝地热资源的开发利用

承德市隆化县茅荆坝地热资源丰富，受断裂构造控制，属隐伏基岩裂隙、松散岩孔隙型热储，水温最高可达90℃，地温可达30～40℃，水量充足，水中含有多种医用保健化学成分，但在开发利用中存在着项目单一、利用率不高、资源浪费等问题。地热综合利用和地热梯级利用的开发利用模式，即多目的利用、按不同温度逐级利用，加强科学管理，采取限量打井，限制开采。     

咸阳地区某典型地热井的地热水地球化学特征分析

地球化学方法是了解地热系统特点、变化及起源的重要手段,合理开发利用地热资源的前提。基于咸阳地热田XY1地热井1999年与2017年两期水质资料、多年水温变化资料,参考其他学者在研究区取得的研究成果,综合分析了该热水井及区域地热流体地球化学因子的变化特征。根据地热水δD、δ¹⁸O、¹⁴C同位素分析,探讨了该地区地热水的起源及其同位素水文特征。结果表明：该热水井水温变化不大,水-岩平衡状态未改变,大部分离子组分浓度呈上升趋势,水质变差。水化学类型未改变,为Cl-Na型,其中多种水化学组分浓度达到一定标准,可作为医疗热矿水开发利用。研究区热储层以消耗静态储量为主,无现代降水补给。该井地下热水属于第四纪末次冰期北山山区海拔1200 m大气降水入渗成因,为混入古溶滤水的残存沉积水。建议生产过程中应采取地热水回灌措施,使地热资源开发具有可持续性。