船员心理素质与航运安全探讨

船员长期生活在大海特殊的自然环境和船舶特殊的人造环境中,多种复杂因素交互作用,弱化了远洋船员心理素质,导致船员心理问题的频频出现。研究人员调查发现：将近80%的船舶事故是人为因素造成的,而人为因素引起的航运安全事故基本上是由船员良的心理素质导致的。通过对船员心理健康指标和典型案例分析,提出改变不良心理素质的措施和在航条件下的心理干预。     

Dealing with uncertainty: a case study of controlling insect populations in natural ecosystems

This paper analyses the political process for handling an outbreak of an insect causing human allergic reactions. In the southern part of the Swedish island Gotland in the Baltic Sea, an outbreak of the northern pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pinivora, has occurred. With regard to the human nuisance and long-term effects on the tourist industry, demands have been raised for intervention to reduce and control the insect population. At the same time, there have been warnings against treating the insect population because there are knowledge gaps concerning the wider ecological consequences, including effects on biodiversity. This paper analyses the political process and its problem-solving efforts. Of particular interest is how it dealt with the issue of uncertainty. It was found that the uncertainty associated with the issue hindered the development of a shared understanding of the problem and a possible solution. There seems to be a growing need in society to develop the institutional capacity to handle complex issues that cross different sectors, regulatory frameworks and policy targets.     

Influence of Exercise-Focused Group Activities on the Physical Activity,Functional Capacity,and Work Ability of Female Farmers—A Three-Year Follow-Up

Abstract

The objective of this randomised study was to evaluate the influence of exercise-focused group activities on female farmers’ physical activity, functional capacity, and work ability over a period of 3 years. Physical activity increased more in the intervention group (n = 62) than in the control group (n = 64) during the first year. By the third year physical activity had almost returned to the pre-intervention level. In the 3-year follow-up examination muscular endurance and cardio-respiratory fitness had improved in the intervention group, and musculoskeletal symptoms had decreased more often in the intervention group than in the control group. The index used to measure perceived work ability showed no changes over the 3-year period. It can be concluded that group activities focused on leisure-time physical activity and work habits can be recommended as health promotion measures for farmers’ occupational health services.     

论我国"二元化"环境责任保险制度构建

随着我国市场经济的进一步发展和工业化进程的加快，环境污染和生态破坏日益成为影响经济发展的社会问题。对于因环境污染所产生的环境侵权，通过保险制度来解决因环境污染所导致的损害，日益成为众多环境法学者关注的问题。环境责任保险制度是建立在侵权法和责任保险理论之上，成为解决环境侵权的有效途径之一。对于环境侵权责任保险问题，国家应根据具体情况对环境责任保险予以干预，根据实际需要选择环境侵权责任保险的模式。我国应构建商业保险和强制保险并存的“二元化”的环境侵权责任保险制度。     

Religious harassment in the workplace: An examination of observer intervention

Religious harassment claims in the United States have risen sharply over the past decade. However, victims of religious harassment may not always report harassment, and true rates may be higher. Hence, actions taken by third parties present (observers) are important in combating harassment in the workplace. The purpose of this paper is to extend a previous model of observer intervention and related research by testing it empirically in the context of religious harassment and identify factors that influence observers' decision to intervene (intervention), when they intervene (level of immediacy), and how much they intervene (level of involvement). Across two studies, we find evidence that verbal harassment, ambiguity of intent, relationship to target/harasser, recurrence belief, religious commitment, pro‐social orientation, and the interactive effect of shared religion and religious commitment predict intervention. Furthermore, individuals show higher levels of involvement and immediacy in intervention when costs are low and emotional reactions are high. Implications of these findings for engaging observers in combatting harassment are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

行为安全研究进展追溯与述评

为推动行为安全研究的发展和应用,通过文献综述方法,确定广义行为安全研究对象,从理论和管理2个维度来解析行为安全研究进展。在理论层面,通过分析行为机理来阐述行为安全理论基础,提炼行为影响因素并探究因素间作用关系;在管理层面,追溯行为安全管理在不同阶段、不同行业的应用现状,提出改进方案。结果表明:行为安全理论基础和影响因素分析2方面的研究较为深入,但是仍需夯实相关模型并引入先进的研究方法,而行为安全管理应用的时效性和针对性较差,需要在组织因素和个体因素结合、干预的效果、信息技术应用等方面进行改进。     

An educational intervention in road safety among children and teenagers in Mexico

Objective: The purpose of this article is to describe a public school–based educational intervention (EI) designed to increase knowledge, improve attitudes, and change practices related to road safety.

Methods: We used a mixed-methods evaluation of a road traffic safety baseline diagnosis conducted in 4 public schools, 2 primary and 2 secondary. Research was organized into 4 phases: (1) diagnosis, (2) EI design, (3) implementation, and (4) evaluation. We used convenience sampling (n = 219 students) across schools and applied a pre-/posttest design based on quantitative and qualitative data. The former related to surveys on road safety experiences, knowledge, attitudes, and practice and the latter to observation checklists, community mapping, ethnography, and focus groups. To compare pre–post scores, we used multilevel mixed-effect ordinal logistic regressions. We developed data matrices, field notes, and systematized community mapping. We also transcribed focus group discussions, generated categories, and carried out thematic analysis.

Results: Ethnography indicated poor sidewalk conditions, no helmet or seat belt use, overcrowded public transportation, and no traffic lights or proper signals. Pedestrians did not use sidewalks and crossed streets unsafely. Subsequent to the intervention, however, the study population showed significant changes in their knowledge, practices, and attitudes. They identified road traffic incidents (RTIs) as the first cause of death among children and youth, and most understood that the solution to the problem was incumbent upon each and every individual. They also displayed increased perceptions of danger in practices such as traveling on overcrowded public transportation, failing to wear seat belts in cars and helmets on motorcycles, crossing the street while using mobile phones or playing with friends, and riding with drunk drivers. Changes varied according to gender, and students reported being able to carry out safe practices only when they were in control of the situation; for instance, as pedestrians.

Conclusions: Because safe practices depend not only on children and youth but on the adults and social environment surrounding them, it is essential to engage parents, teachers, and decision makers in efforts to reduce RTIs. This will improve the establishment of commitments to impact social reality through consistent changes and mobilize greater resources for creating more secure communities in matters of road safety.     

燃煤锅炉水蒸气促燃的理论研究

针对小型火力热电厂中小吨位燃煤锅炉应用现状 ,结合固体燃煤燃烧的机理 ,在详细分析常见锅炉工作原理和燃烧反应特性的基础上 ,提出了用水蒸气促燃降污节能的理论 ,水蒸气介入后促燃化学模型和物理模型的建立 ,证明了这一理论的可行性     

术后早期急性炎性肠梗阻的观察及护理

目的探讨术后早期急性炎性肠梗阻（EPII）的临床表现、治疗方法及护理．方法回顾性分析86例EPII的临床表现、治疗及护方法．结果EPII发生在术后4-21d,肠蠕动一度恢复,继而又出现呕吐,腹胀,腹痛等肠梗阻表现,大部分病例非手术治愈,仅少部分手术治疗．结论EPII以非手术治疗为主,积极的心理干预及护理有助于疾病康复．表2,参14．