土地质量对农业劳动生产率的影响——来自六省县级数据的经验证据

本文利用国土资源部农用地分等定级与估价项目的土地自然质量指数数据,结合2004年的县级统计数据,建立改造的C-D生产函数,通过多元回归分析定量考察了土地质量对农业劳动生产率的影响。最终得到如下研究结果:对所用的县,土地质量指数每增加1%,农业劳动生产率增加0.336%;分地区的结果显示,土地质量和化肥投入在东部地区为替代关系,在西部地区为互补关系。研究结论:土地质量在很大程度上影响着农业劳动生产率,应加强对土地质量的保护和改善。     

广东坡地红壤颗粒组成状况的研究──Ⅰ.土壤颗粒组成的特征

本文对广东坡地红壤颗粒组成的特征进行了初步研究、结果表明；广东坡地红壤较粗颗粒的矿物组成以轻矿物石英为主；粘粒的矿物组成一般以1：1高岭土为主；在粘粒的化学组成中，盐基淋失严重，铁铝氧化物聚积：颗粒大小分布主要受成土母质的影响。     

Land application of tylosin and chlortetracycline swine manure: Impacts to soil nutrients and soil microbial community structure

The land application of aged chortetracycle (CTC) and tylosin-containing swine manure was investigated to determine associated impacts to soil microbial respiration, nutrient (phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate) cycling, and soil microbial community structure under laboratory conditions. Two silty clay loam soils common to southeastern South Dakota were used. Aerobic soil respiration results using batch reactors containing a soil-manure mixture showed that interactions between soil, native soil microbial populations, and antimicrobials influenced CO₂ generation. The aged tylosin treatment resulted in the greatest degree of CO₂ inhibition, while the aged CTC treatment was similar to the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil columns in which manure was applied at a one-time agronomic loading rate, there was no significant difference in soil-P behavior between either aged CTC or tylosin and the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil-nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), the aged CTC treatment resulted in rapid ammonium accumulation at the deeper 40cm soil column depth, while nitrate production was minimal. The aged CTC treatment microbial community structure was different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, where amines/amide and carbohydrate chemical guilds utilization profile were low. The aged tylosin treatment also resulted in ammonium accumulation at 40 cm column depth, however nitrate accumulation also occurred concurrently at 10 cm. The microbial community structure for the aged tylosin was also significantly different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, with a higher degree of amines/amides and carbohydrate chemical guild utilization compared to the no-antimicrobial treatment. Study results suggest that land application of CTC and tylosin-containing manure appears to fundamentally change microbial-mediated nitrogen behavior within soil A horizons.     

Simulating urban encroachment on rural land with fuzzy-logic-controlled cellular automata in a geographical information system

Encroachment on rural land is a serious problem in developing countries, particularly in regions that are undergoing rapid economic development. Monitoring and simulating land conversions thus are critical to the formulation of a sustainable development strategy. This paper describes a computer-based approach for simulating land encroachment with fuzzy-logic-controlled cellular automata (CA). Unlike CA models developed in the domain of natural sciences, this simulation model seeks to integrate rule definition with explicit, interactive and heuristic decision-making processes. Fuzzy logic was used to capture the feature of land conversion behaviour, while CA was to used to simulate global pattern from local rules and implemented in a geographical information system (GIS) using ARC/INFO software. By providing a series of simulation scenarios, the study reveals potential hazardous consequences inherent in some development policies that would jeopardize sustainable development of the region and demonstrates that this approach is a useful tool to provide decision support.1998 Academic Press     

川东平行岭谷区土地利用变化时空分异特征

川东平行岭谷地区生态地位十分重要，研究其土地利用变化及其影响因素具有重要的意义。利用1986、2000和2007年的Landsat TM影像，辅以10 m分辨率的SPOT影像和野外调查，结合土地利用程度、土地利用效应指数探讨了平行岭谷地区土地利用/土地覆被的空间格局和变化轨迹及其相应的生态效应。结果表明，研究区土地利用格局受地形空间分异明显控制；1986~2007年，土地利用变化总体特征是建设用地、水体增加，耕地减少，耕地 耕地 建设用地变化迹线占1986~2007年建设用地变化量的6647%，建设用地的增加主要以2000年后的耕地转入为主；邻近主城所在地的岭谷条带土地利用程度指数增加快于相隔较远的其它各区；总的说来，土地利用效应的增加和强化大于恢复和减少。研究区土地利用变化的因素可归纳为主城区的通道效应、岭谷区交通线的节点效应和河流廊道引起的土地利用变化。进一步的研究应揭示平行岭谷地区通道驱动效应和低山阻隔效应综合作用下土地利用演变过程和景观生态多样性的维持机制，模拟通道驱动效应与生态安全双重约束下的土地利用优化格局     

洪水灾害的遥感监测分析系统研究

给出了洪水灾害的遥感监测分析系统，该系统利用遥感信息资料，应用遥感图像处理软件为主要工具，辅助地理信息，分析洪水水情，确定洪灾量级、危害区域及其土地利用类型等，并可比较真实地再现洪灾场景，为防洪规划提供可靠的辅助决策依据。     

江苏海岸带土地利用变化及驱动力分析

通过对江苏海岸带近13a的土地利用变化和社会经济分析,得出:连云港海岸带以耕地、其他建设用地和农村居民点为主,占81%,海岸带开发程度高;斑块个数增加,景观破碎化增大。盐城以耕地、草地和其他建设用地为主,占77.45%,开发程度中等;耕地、水库坑塘等人工景观面积增大,适宜生物多样性保护的生境面积减少。南通海岸带以耕地和滩涂为主,占88.93%,但两者的面积都在下降;人工景观面积增加。人口增长的压力、政府政策的导向与社会经济的驱动是江苏沿海三市海岸带景观格局变化的主要驱动力。连云港海岸带人口密度增加了13.8%,第二产业产值增加了7.7倍,人类活动的干扰使海岸带破碎明显;盐城海岸带人均GDP增加了4倍,经济利益的驱使,使盐城丧失大面积的草地,海岸湿地遭到破坏;南通海岸带人口密度减小了2.0%,人均GDP增加了5.3倍,第三产业的发展对海岸带干扰较小,海岸带景观破碎度较低。     

沿海城市土地集约利用水平演变研究——以大连市为例

根据城市土地集约利用涵义,综合考虑沿海城市化进程中城市土地集约利用的经济、社会与环境效益,选取了大连市1997—2007年8项指标,运用主成分分析法进行城市土地集约利用水平评价。在评价基础上结合大连城市发展特征,分析了城市土地集约利用水平演变趋势和阶段性。结果表明,大连城市土地集约利用水平逐年提高,且具有缓慢的连续性和骤增的阶段性特征。连续性提高是由于城市人口、经济聚集、经济容量增大、人口密度增加、城市设施局部优化完善使城市土地集约利用水平不断提高;阶段性提高是由于建成区土地面积扩张期伴随大幅度城市用地结构的优化调整和城市设施的整体完善过程,使城市土地集约利用水平显著提高。     

不同区域农地城市流转中选择价值测算

农地城市流转是城市化、工业化过程中的普遍现象,是土地资源竞争配置的结果,本质上是有限的土地资源在农业用途和非农业用途的合理分配.农地城市流转具有不确定性,不可逆性和流转时间延迟性3个特征,因此农地具有选择价值.采用模型假设法和实证分析法,对农地城市流转的选择价值进行估算.对农地选择价值的计算公式进行推导,得出农地流转为其他不同用途地类的选择价值,拥有一期选择权的农地,流转为商业用地的选择价值最高的为173.95元 /m2,最低的为4.44元/m2;流转为居住用地的选择价值最高的为158.40元/m2,最低的为4.16元/m2;流转为工业用地的选择价值最高的为39.52元/m2,最低的为3.58元/m2.影响选择价值大小的相关因素有农地流转为市地后的每期净收益,农地流转开发为市地过程中的开发成本,市地地价的波动率和无风险利率.     

Food production in the city: (re)negotiating land,food and property

This paper addresses issues of access to land for food production in Toronto by offering fresh perspectives on urban agriculture in the neo-liberal city of the global north. It examines attempts to scale up urban agriculture that emphasise changing the relationships between land access, property and new collaborative relationships among different stakeholders. These initiatives involve renegotiating access to land for growing food between private property owners and landless growers, concomitant shifts in control over valued resources and commercialisation. These shifts are often based on relations of trust within a sharing economy rather than public battles over political decisions to develop urban agriculture lands. Growing food on private lands in the city is political in challenging taken-for-granted ideas and practices of property and urban agriculture. New approaches offer options for training and income, as well as expanding the land base for urban agriculture. Small-scale farming projects are affirmative political manoeuvres. They challenge urban residents to consider land for food production across the categories of public and private property. We document three approaches that challenge current property relations: temporary use of a development site through “soft” squatting; redesignating suburban backyards for farmer training and community-based and private food production; and garden sharing of private home backyards for urban food production and commercial growing. Such initiatives articulate alternative visions of sustainability and food security that rely on principles of collaboration and a sharing economy that challenge prevailing notions of property ownership and food security.