2000年全球气象灾害评价

2000年，全球气候持续较常年偏暖。赤道中，东太平洋地区强拉尼娜事件在1月再次达到峰值后，迅速减弱，强拉尼娜事件对全球，特别是对热带地区产生了较大的影响，北半球许多地区冬季出现严寒天气，夏季又遭热浪袭击，严重的高温、干旱、森林大火困扰全球。而亚洲南部、西欧、南部非洲、南美北部的许多地区暴雨频繁。估计气象自然灾害造成全球经济损失达上千亿美元。数亿人口受灾。     

城市区域大气环境与各天气状况下的辐射特征

以低纬高原城市昆明为研究对象，分析了各种天气状况下城市内，外不同波长辐射的分布特征，变化规律及其差异，得出１．造成城内外差异的主要原因午前是大气污染状况，而在污染程度较小的午后，则是天气状况；２．各波长辐射日总量对午前总量的分配率受大气环境和天气状况的影响，城内外差异十分显著；３．红外和紫外辐射的百分率值均大于大气上界的百分率值，而可见光则反之；各辐射百分率城内外差值午前午后显相反分布。     

高速公路雾形成预测研究

雾对高速公路交通运行及行车安全有重要影响,掌握雾天出现的天气特征,有利于提高高速公路雾天管理的有效性和针对性。以重庆高速公路2009~2011年两个雾季的交通数据和天气数据为依据,在分析雾天能见度对高速公路交通影响的基础上,确定影响交通的雾天能见度阈值为600m。对雾天形成气象条件的时间演变进行的主成分分析与相关性分析表明,最大湿度和昼夜温差对雾的形成有决定性影响,其中相对湿度的对起雾的影响大于昼夜温差影响,将相对湿度大于95%作为起雾的关键因素。建立了雾天出现的预测模型,为高速公路雾天管理提供依据。     

APEC期间北京及周边城市AQI区域特征及天气背景分析

利用环境监测总站公布的监测资料,分析2014年11月1日至15日,即北京举办亚太经合组织(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,APEC)会议期间北京及周边地区空气质量演变及区域特征,结合中国气象局官方发布的同期气象要素和天气形势图,探讨天气背景对APEC期间空气质量改善的影响,结果表明:1强化减排措施实施期间,北京及周边地区良好和轻度污染的天数相对较多,而强化减排措施终止后,重度和严重污染的天数明显增多,表明强化减排措施对北京及周边城市局地空气质量的改善贡献明显;2强化减排措施实施初期,受逆温层的影响,北京及周边城市空气质量指数迅速上升,说明在不利的天气背景下,即便有强化减排措施,污染物也会累积升高,形成污染过程,可见天气背景对空气质量的影响不容忽视;3在强化措施实施后期,虽然受逆温层影响,北京污染物的浓度并没有累积到很高的程度,而天津、唐山、保定和邢台均出现中度和重度污染,进一步说明,强化减排措施的实施对改善北京空气质量的贡献明显.     

2012年-2013年常州市PM2.5空气污染气象条件及天气形势特征分析研究

利用2012年-2013年常州市大气监测资料、2009年-2013年NECP再分析气象资料和日降水资料,对近两年常州市空气污染特征及其与气象条件的关系进行分析.结果表明2013年常州市污染事件相比2012年具有发生频率高、持续时间长和程度重等特点.造成污染天气异常偏多的气象条件是有效降水日异常减少,反映区域混合型PM2.5污染的地面系统不利扩散特征在2013年表现突出,污染高发期地面均压场范围扩大,对流层整层有异常抑制上升作用.典型PM2.5污染个例分析表明重污染天气尺度形势特征主要体现在高压型和冷空气外部输送型,其次为低压和均压场型.     

1998年长江大洪水与大气环流和海温异常分析

概述了引起１９９８年长江大洪水的雨情，从天气气候角度分析了１９９８年长江流域降水异常偏多的原因。指出了最直接的原因是副高移动的反常，特别７月１５日以后副高突然南撤南海季风爆发晚，南亚和东亚季风强度偏弱、夏季赤道辐合带偏弱热带地区台风生成少、生成时间晚，     

EFFECTS OF SIMULATED CLOUD SEEDING ON STREAMFLOW OF SELECTED WATERSHEDS IN PENNSYLVANIA1

A mathematical model was developed to simulate the hydrologic behavior of five small watersheds in central Pennsylvania. Continuous hydrographs for the 6-month period, April to September 1964, were simulated. Synthesized rainfall cycles consisting of increasing rainfall by 10, 20, and 30 percent to simulate the effects of cloud seeding were processed through the watershed model to determine the effects on low flow augmentation. Other rainfall cycles used consisted of increasing every third storm by 30 percent and of developing a rainfall cycle by processing daily radiosonde data through a mathematical cumulus cloud model to obtain a prediction of rainfall following seeding. A comparison of actual and predicted hydrographs indicated that simulated cloud seeding resulted in significant monthly and seasonal water yields. In general, the results of the study appear to indicate that on a theoretical basis cloud seeding would be a feasible method of augmenting low stream-flow during the summer months on watersheds in the northern Appalachian region.     

HYDROLOGIC IMPACT OF WEATHER MODIFICATION1

ABSTRACT: Weather modification is being proposed as a routine method of augmenting agricultural water supplies in the Southern Great Plains. This paper discusses some of the potential hydrologic impacts of weather modification. Previous work in assessing hydrologic impact is covered; the conclusion is drawn that the work is insufficient. An approach based on hydrologic models is suggested that can consider uncertainties about the effect of weather modification on rainfall and some uncertainties about the effect of model error on impact conclusions.     

WATER RESOURCES APPLICATIONS OF STREAM CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS ON SMALL FORESTED BASINS1

ABSTRACT. Stream channel characteristics were found to be useful indices to the hydrology of 27 small forested basins in the Northeast United States. Channel width alone explained 37 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff, whereas channel width combined with basin area explained 78 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff. This approached the percentage of variation in mean annual runoff explained by mean annual precipitation (83 percent). A simulated 15% increase in precipitation, such as might occur in a weather modification project, produced increases in channel width, depth, and channel area of 3, 4, and 8 percent, respectively.     

浅析沙尘天气对和田市大气污染的影响及对策

通过和田市的沙尘天气和空气质量污染特征分析表明，环境空气的主要污染物是TSP、降尘。指出沙尘天气是导致和田市空气重度污染的主要原因，并就此提出具体的防治对策和建议。