消解方法对土壤中砷含量测定的影响研究

土壤中总砷的检测方法主要采用原子荧光法测定。样品的消解通常是用微波消解法、水浴消解法和电热板消解法,在这些消解方法中,可以采用不同酸进行消解。所以样品消解过程的不同对土壤中总砷含量的检测结果有至关重要的影响。主要从消解液的种类和加热方式两方面进行研究。结果表明,在准确度方面,加热方式对砷的测定值影响不大,而消解液的选取对结果的影响较大。当消解液是HNO3+HF+HCLO4时,由于样品能完全消解进入溶液中,因此砷的含量测定值较高。     

Updraft gasification of juniper wood biomass using CO2–O2 and Air (N2–O2)

Biomass gasification is being considered as one of the most promising technologies for converting low-quality solid biomass fuel into gaseous fuel. Redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii), one of the woody species that dominate uncultivated lands in the southern great plains, USA, may have a great potential for bioenergy utilization. In this study, the results of gasification of juniper are presented. Juniper wood chips were gasified in an adiabatic fixed bed updraft gasifier using air and the mixture gas of carbon dioxide and oxygen (CO₂:O₂) as gasification medium. The effect of gasification parameters such as moisture contents, gasification mediums, and gasification temperature on produced gas properties and the tar yield were investigated. It was observed that oxy fuel gasification (the reaction of woody fuels with carbon dioxide) of juniper resulted in the increase of production of carbon monoxide, especially at higher peak gasification temperatures. As a result, the CO₂ gasification resulted in producing higher heating value gas (6264 kJ/nm³ with dilution of CO₂ and 19,750 kJ/nm³ inert free) compared to air gasification. For air gasification, it was observed that the updraft gasification produced large amount of the tar in the product gas (more than 100 g/nm³) for the fuels with moisture content between 6% and 11%. Generally, the tar yield increased with the increase of equivalence ratio (er) and moisture content. However, when the fuel moisture content reached 23.5%, the tar yield reduced significantly due low gasification temperature which reduced the less tar cracking.     

Reduction of the movement and persistence of pesticides in soil through common agronomic practices

Laboratory and field studies were conducted in order to determine the leaching potential of eight pesticides commonly used during pepper cultivation by use of disturbed soil columns and field lysimeters, respectively. Two soils with different organic matter content (soils A and B) were used. Additionally, soil B was amended with compost (sheep manure). The tested compounds were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos-methyl, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, endosulfan, malathion and tolclofos-methyl. In soil B (lower organic matter content), only endosulfan sulphate, malathion and tolclofos-methyl were found in leachates. For the soil A (higher organic matter content) and amended soil B, pesticide residues were not found in the leachates. In addition, this paper reports on the use of common agronomic practices (solarization and biosolarization) to enhance degradation of these pesticides from polluted soil A. The results showed that both solarization and biosolarization enhanced the degradation rates of endosulfan, bifenthrin and tolclofos-methyl compared with the control. Most of the studied pesticides showed similar behavior under solarization and biosolarization conditions. However, chlorpyrifos was degraded to a greater extent in the solarization than in biosolarization treatment. The results obtained point to the interest in the use of organic amendment in reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage and in the use of solarization and biosolarization in reducing the persistence of pesticides in soil.     

基于微波热解技术的竹炭、竹醋生产设备研究

基于现有竹炭、竹醋生产工艺流程及工业技术水平,设计了一套具有创新性的竹炭、竹醋生产设备,并给出了设备完整的结构以及包括微波源功率在内的关键制造参数.该设备首次引入微波热解技术代替传统的燃烧加热方法,同时窑炉整体设计遵循节约生产空间、原料充分转化、废气废渣循环处理、热量多级利用、全封闭式生产、自动化控制等节能、环保、高效的思想.此外,在对微波源的设计上依据多源溃能理论,采用以小功率磁控管组合代替大功率磁控管设计,从而大幅降低设备的制造成本,提高微波源的使用寿命及工作稳定性.     

用直接加热代替水浴加热测定高锰酸盐指数

在地表水高锰酸盐指数酸性法分析中，通过对2种加热方法的实验对比，结果表明，直接加热法具有省时、省力，且精密度、准确度均能满足环境监测规范要求等优点，特别适用于大批量样品分析。     

汉江流域降水持续天数分布

以汉江流域13个站点1960~2003年的逐日降水资料为基础,分析了该流域年及各季雨日数和雨日平均雨量分布的时空特征，研究表明汉江流域春季平均雨日数占全年的25%~31%,雨量占全年雨量的21%~31%。夏季平均雨日数占全年雨日数的13%~18%,雨量占全年雨量的50%。秋季平均雨日数占全年雨日数的22%~31%,雨量占全年雨量的21%~29%。冬季平均雨日数占全年雨日数13%~22%，雨量占全年雨量的6%，雨日平均雨量仅为28 mm。建立了流域内不同站点、不同季节的持续性雨日概率分布模式，用Polya概率分布对汉江流域各种持续性雨日发生概率进行拟合，结果表明夏季、冬季、秋季拟合效果较好，卡方检验通过率达到95%，而春季有4个站点无法通过检验。利用Polya概率分布模式可以科学地估算流域各地、各季不同持续时段雨日出现的气候概率，为防洪减灾提供依据，也为南水北调中线工程的顺利实施提供科学依据     

炼化企业热媒水低温余热回收利用方案

对典型炼化企业热媒水的温度、压力、流量及气分、伴热装置的蒸汽使用情况等进行调研,根据低温余热的利用原则,简化低温余热回收利用系统建立步骤,提出适合本企业、有针对性的低温余热回收利用方案。方案实施后,可为企业节省各类蒸汽3.6×105 t/a,年增加经济效益近4 000万元。     

1971-2010年河南省夏季高温日数的变化趋势分析

基于河南省109个气象站1971-2010年夏季(6-8月)逐日最高气温和平均气温资料,采用气候统计学分析方法,分析了近40年河南省夏季≥35℃、≥38℃和≥40℃高温日数的时空特征及可能的变化趋势.结果表明:1971-2010年河南省夏季3个等级高温日数在空间上呈现出豫西北高海拔和豫东南低海拔地区较多,其它地区较少的分布特征,高值中心位于豫西地区的偃师附近,在时间上无显著的线性变化趋势,但是在年代间呈现出“多-少-多”的变化特征,最近10年夏季高温日数最多；从各台站趋势变化的空间分布看,豫西北海拔较高地区台站呈增加趋势的较多,豫东和豫西南台站呈减少趋势的较多.夏季平均气温和≥35 ℃(r =0.58,n=4360)、≥38℃(r=0.39,n=4360)以及≥40℃(r=0.27,n=4360)高温日数均呈显著正相关.在全球气候变暖背景下,未来河南省高温日数将可能进一步增加,特别是≥35℃的高温日数.     

一种采用可控复合技术的新型升温炉

在普通电加热炉的基础上,通过配备液化燃烧器加热装置,开发了一种可同时实施自动控制电加热和燃气加热复合升温的新型装配式试验炉。试验测试表明,该新型复合式升温方法能够很好地模拟ISO-834标准升(降)温曲线,同时具有电炉安全可靠、测控精度高、操作简便、无污染,以及液化气火焰升温快、容易控制并可真实模拟火灾的优点,因而具有良好的试验效果和经济效果,是一种实用的结构抗火试验设施。     

Microwave-assisted stripping of oil contaminated drill cuttings

The application of microwave heating technology to conventional gas stripping processes has been investigated in the remediation of contaminated drill cuttings. The technical feasibility and limitations of nitrogen and steam stripping processes are demonstrated, and it is shown that the combination of microwave heating with the stripping process offers a step change in performance. Order of magnitude improvements in processing time are shown for the microwave-assisted processes, as well as greatly improved levels of remediation. The mechanisms of contaminant removal are discussed, along with the phenomena which occur with microwave heating processes. The energy requirements of each of pure gas and microwave-assisted processes are also discussed, and the potential applications of each technology are highlighted relative to the overall remediation requirements.