PM2.5污染特征及污染源模拟研究

为了解深圳市坪山新区环境空气质量现状,研究运用坪山新区PM2.5浓度数据,分析该区PM2.5的污染特征及气象条件对其的影响,坪山新区PM2.5浓度呈现了明显的季节变化、月变化特征,表现为秋冬季高、夏季低、春季居中的特点;PM2.5浓度最高出现在12月,最低出现在7月.该区PM2.5浓度日间变化呈双峰分布,7:00～9:00出现短期高峰,夜间21:00～次日4:00出现长期高峰.坪山新区PM2.5超标情况多出现在秋冬季及初春.在超标日期里,区域一般温度较低、风速较小,相对湿度也较低.污染源分析模型结果表明,坪山新区PM2.5的排放强度高值区主要集中在北部和西部,南部和东部排放强度稍低.由此可见,坪山新区大气环境亟待提升,需要针对区域内大气颗粒物污染进行有效防治.     

500kV户外型变电站作业场所电磁环境实测分析

为了研究500k V户外型变电站作业场所的电磁环境,利用EFA-300电磁场强分析仪对9座不同类型的500 k V变电站作业场所的电磁场强度进行实测。共设置412个测点,覆盖3种典型变电站的室内作业场所和室外作业场所。测试结果显示:室内作业场所电磁场强度均远远低于国家关于公众暴露限值的标准(E≤4 k V/m,B≤100μT);不同类型500k V户外型变电站室外作业场所的电磁场强度平均值由高到低为:HGIS型变电站>AIS型变电站>GIS型变电站,表明GIS型配电方式更有利于减轻电磁污染。室外作业场所共有19.8%的测点电场强度超过我国行业标准(E≤5 k V/m),0.7%的测点磁感应强度超过我国行业标准(B≤500μT),其高电磁场强度区域集中在高压侧设备区以及电抗器密集区,最高电场强度达到14.860 k V/m,最高磁感应强度达到856μT,应重视此类区域工作人员的电磁场防护工作。     

Economic performance and carbon intensity of human well-being: empirical evidence from the MENA region

Our paper explores the effect of economic performance variables on the carbon intensity of human well-being (CIWB) for 13 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region over the period (1995–2013). We use a time-series cross-sectional Prais–Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSEs). We find that economic performance has a statistically significant positive influence on CIWB over the period in question; thus, economic performance harms the environment, but the final effect deviates to a constant level after a while. This finding is not encouraging from the economic sustainability point of view. On the contrary, we find that total health expenditure has a statistically significant negative impact on CIWB by increasing life expectancy, which means less stress on the environment.     

Availability estimation of a multi-state wind farm in fuzzy environment

Wind is one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources in the electric power system. Availability of wind energy is volatile in nature due to the stochastic behavior of wind speed and non-linear variation of the wind power curve of wind turbine generator. Because of this impression and uncertainty, the availability estimation of wind power has become a challenging issue. In this paper, Markov Fuzzy Reward technique has been proposed for finding out the reliability of wind farm by assessing the availability of wind power. According to this technique, availability of the wind power has been estimated considering wind farm and demand both as a multi-state system. In addition to the availability, different reliability indices such as the number of absolute failures, mean time to deficiency, and probability of failures of a wind farm have been assessed in a time horizon, which can provide useful information for the power system planner at wind farm installing stage. A comparison of this study reveals the efficacy of the proposed Markov Fuzzy Reward approach over the conventional Markov Reward approach.     

Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years (1990-2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin, China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output, surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from 1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields. Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by 16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010, partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk, decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

苏州市大气污染现状及主要污染因子分担率研究

随着城市化进程的加快,苏州地区的大气污染已从煤烟型污染转变为复合型污染,大气中的多种污染因子在不利气象条件下形成灰霾天气.本文基于2010年污染源普查及已有相关研究成果,开展苏州市二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟尘、粉尘的排放评价,包括排放总量、工业排放量、交通排放量、生活排放量等;分析火电、钢铁、有色、石化、水泥、化工、交通等重点行业主要污染因子分担率,分析单位面积、单位人口排放强度,为苏州市开展大气污染治理工作提供一定参考.     

AERMOD模式应用于集中供热削减污染面源参数选取探讨

本文根据阳高县城2012年、2013年采暖季SO2、NO2监测浓度,结合2013年集中供热所替代土小采暖炉灶减排的污染物排放量,采用AERMOD模式进行预测验证,并对模式参数取值进行了探讨,以期对模型的同类型应用提供参考。     

Environmental policy and misallocation: The productivity effect of intensity standards

Firm-level idiosyncratic policy distortions misallocate resources between firms, lowering aggregate productivity. Many environmental policies create such distortions; in particular, output-based intensity standards (which limit firms energy use or emissions per unit of output) are easier for high-productivity firms to achieve. We investigate the productivity effect of intensity standards using a tractable general-equilibrium model featuring multiple sectors and firm-level heterogeneity. Qualitatively, we demonstrate that intensity standards are always inferior to uniform taxes, as they misallocate both dirty and clean inputs across firms and sectors, which lowers productivity. Quantitatively, we calibrate the model to US data and show that these productivity losses can be large.     

Gasification of Inferior Coal with High Ash Content under CO2 and O2/H2O Atmospheres

The gasification reaction of Nantong inferior coal was investigated in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor under CO₂ and O₂/H₂O atmospheres. The effects of the bed temperature and inlet-gas concentration on the yields of CO, H₂, and CH₄ were studied. The effects of coal ash and particle size on the fixed-carbon conversion were also investigated, and kinetic analysis was conducted with a homogeneous model. The product-gas-heating value and fixed-carbon conversion increased when the temperature was increased from 950 °C to 1100 °C under CO₂ atmosphere. When the inlet-CO₂ concentration was increased from 50 to 100 vol.%, the low heating value of the product gas and carbon conversion ratio slightly increased. During the gasification of inferior coal under the O₂/H₂O atmosphere, the CO concentration increased rapidly with increasing temperature. The H₂ and CH₄ concentrations increased initially and then decreased. The maximum gas heating value of 7934 kJ/m³ was obtained under the O₂ concentration of 70 vol.% at a bed temperature of 1050 °C. The cold-gas efficiency increased with increasing temperature and became 40.6% and 86.4% at 1100 °C under the CO₂ and O₂/H₂O atmospheres, respectively. The gasification reaction of the Nantong inferior coal strongly depended on the content of inherent inorganic matter. The gasification rates for both the CO₂ and O₂/H₂O atmospheres were independent of the particle size. The activation energy for the CO₂ and O₂/H₂O gasification reactions were 137 and 81 kJ/mol, respectively. The gasification reactions of the Nantong coal, which was performed under two different atmospheres, were compared and the reaction activity of the gasification reaction under CO₂ atmosphere was found to be much lower than that under the O₂/H₂O atmosphere.     

太湖缓坡丘陵地区雨强对农业非点源污染物随地表径流迁移的影响

以流域尺度为研究单元,流量、水质同步监测分析了雨强对太湖缓坡丘陵地区农田土壤养分随地表径流迁移的影响.10场降雨试验结果显示,雨强对农田氮、磷径流迁移有巨大影响.总磷、磷酸盐及氨氮EMC值随雨强的增强而增大;小降雨强度条件下,总氮、硝氮EMC值随雨强的增强而增大,强降雨条件下,其EMC值与雨强呈负相关.小雨、中雨、大雨及暴雨条件下,总氮及总磷的SMA值依次为1.91、311.83、127.65、731.69g/hm2及0.04、7.77、2.99、32.02g/hm2,与雨强表现出正相关.硝氮及氨氮是氮素迁移的主要类型,且主要是溶解态迁移.磷酸盐是磷迁移的主要形态.小降雨强度下,磷以溶解态迁移为主,随着雨强的增强,颗粒态磷迁移量逐渐增加,当雨强达到暴雨时,磷主要是颗粒态迁移.次降雨量、小时最大雨强、平均雨强及降雨历时影响因素中,氮、磷迁移量与小时最大雨强及次降雨量显著相关(p0.01),均表现为正相关.